The pronoun is the predicate in the sentence. Predicate
Predicate- this is the second main member of the sentence, which most often agrees in number, gender and person with the subject and answers the questions: what does the subject do? What is it like? What is it? What happens to the subject?
According to their composition they distinguish three types of predicates:
- Simple verb predicate;
Simple verb predicate can be represented by the following parts of speech and their forms:
- Verb in any of the existing moods:
Sister came in into the room. Sister included into the room. Sister will come in into the room. Sister would come in into the room. Come in!
- Independent indefinite form of the verb (infinitive):
Live for the Motherland serve.
- Verb + modal particles “let”, “yes”, “let”, “as if”, “let’s”, “hardly”, “almost” and others:
Let him clean up away.
I I almost fell hanging from the railing.
In the air as if it smelled freshness.
- Interjective verb forms, which represent the name of actions: “knock”, “bang”, “grab”:
And at that moment the cat grab butterfly!
- Predicate-phraseologism:
He again kicks the bulldozer.
Errors in using a simple predicate in a sentence.
- Not all predicates consisting of more than one word are compounds. For example, future tense form of the verb, formed using the appropriate form of the verb "be", is a simple verb, not a compound predicate!
I I'll get up earlier.
Train now will be coming half an hour earlier. - You can often encounter errors and difficulties when determining the type of predicate. Particular difficulties arise when we need to determine what is in front of us: a predicate-phraseological unit or a compound nominal predicate. To do this without a hitch, it’s worth remembering to know two simple rules:
The predicate idiom can be replaced with one word:
to have meaning - to mean, to give an order - to order, to win - to win, etc.
In a compound nominal predicate, the verb part can be replaced by a connective "be". This cannot be done in a predicate-phraseological unit:
Mom hung her nose. - Simple predicate-phraseologism.
He lay there tired. - He was tired. (Compound nominal predicate)
She sat sad. - She was sad. (Compound nominal predicate)
Scheme for parsing a simple verbal predicate.
- Predicate type.
- Conjugated verb form.
An example of parsing a simple predicate.
The company is doing slowly but surely walked uphill.
We walked uphill- a simple verbal predicate, predicate-phraseologism, the verb has the form of the past tense, indicative mood.
The grammatical basis of the sentence. The concept of the main members of a sentence
The grammatical basis of a sentence consists of a subject and a predicate.
The grammatical basis expresses the grammatical meanings of a sentence. They are associated with the meanings of moods and tense of the predicate verb.
The troops are moving to the front.
(The action actually happens and takes place in the present tense).
Yesterday he came to see us.
(The action actually happened, but in the past tense).
You should talk to your mother, Ivan!
(The action is not realized in reality, but is desired by the speaker).
The subject and predicate are called the main members of a sentence because all the minor members in a sentence directly or indirectly extend them.
Let us show the dependence of the minor terms on the main ones in the following diagram:
The astonished Varenukha silently handed him an urgent telegram.
Subject as a member of a sentence. Subject expression forms
The subject is the main member of the sentence, which denotes the subject of speech and answers questions nominative case Who? or what?
The subject in Russian can be expressed in different ways, sometimes in “unusual” forms. The following table will help you correctly determine the subject.
Basic ways of expressing the subject.
| Part of speech in subject position | |
| Noun in i. P. | Language reflects the soul of the people. |
| Pronoun in i. P. | He left. Who was there? This is right. This is my brother (for questions: who is this?) The house, which was barely standing, belonged to a forester. (Here note the subject in subordinate clause.) The sparks that flew from the fire seemed white. (Here, pay attention to the subject of the subordinate clause.) Someone has come. Everyone fell asleep. |
| Infinitive | Being honest is half the battle. To understand means to sympathize. Smoking is harmful to health. |
| Combination of words (one of which is in i.p.) | He and I visited there often. Two clouds float across the sky. |
| A combination of words without and. P. | About an hour passed. |
Predicate as a member of a sentence. Types of predicate
The predicate is the main member of the sentence, which is connected with the subject by a special connection and has a meaning expressed in the questions what does the subject of speech do? what's happening to him? what is he like? what is he? who is he? and etc.
The predicate in Russian can be simple or compound. A simple (simple verbal) predicate is expressed by one verb in the form of some mood.
Compound predicates are expressed in several words, one of them serves to connect with the subject, while the others carry the semantic load. In other words, in compound predicates, the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words.
(Verb was Colonel
(Verb started serves to connect with the subject, to the word work the semantic load of the predicate decreases.)
Among compound predicates, a distinction is made between compound verbal and compound nominal predicates.
Learn more about predicate types. Simple verb predicate
A simple verbal predicate is expressed by one verb in the form of some mood.
It can be expressed by the following verb forms:
| Present and past tense forms of the verb. |
|
| Future tense form of the verb. | |
| Forms of the conditional and imperative mood of the verb. |
We emphasize that in the case of you will be expected tomorrow, the simple verbal predicate is expressed by the compound form of the future tense of the verb to wait.
Compound verb predicate
A compound verbal predicate consists of two components - an auxiliary verb, which serves to connect with the subject and expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and an indefinite form of the verb, which expresses its main lexical meaning and carries the main semantic load.
(Here began - this is an auxiliary verb, and gnawing is an indefinite form of a verb that carries a semantic load.)
(Here I don’t want is an auxiliary verb, and to offend is an indefinite form of a verb that carries a semantic load.)
The role of an auxiliary verb can be a combination of some short adjectives (must, glad, ready, obligated, etc.) and an auxiliary verb-linking be in the form of one of the moods (in the present tense this linking is omitted).
(here the copula will be omitted).
So, let’s imagine the structure of a compound verbal predicate with the formula:
| CONDITION VERB SKAZ. = AUXILIARY VERB + UNDEFINED FORM |
Compound nominal predicate
A compound nominal predicate consists of two components: a copular verb that serves to connect with the subject and expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and a nominal part that expresses its main lexical meaning and carries the main semantic load.
(Here the copular verb becomes, and the nominal part is expressed by the adjective viscous.)
(Here the copular verb will be, and the nominal part of the predicate is expressed by the noun handball player.)
Let's imagine the structure of a compound nominal predicate with the formula:
| CONDITION NAME SKAZ. = CONNECTION. VERB + NAME PART |
The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate is expressed by the following parts of speech: noun, adjective (full and short, various forms of degrees of comparison), participle (full and short), numeral, pronoun, adverb, word of the state category, verb in the indefinite form.
In the Russian language, at least four main types of one-part sentences can be distinguished.
Basic types of two-part sentences
| Form of expression of subject and predicate | Examples |
| The subject is expressed by a noun or a pronoun in the nominative case, the predicate - by a specific form of the verb. | |
| The subject is expressed by a noun or pronoun in the nominative case, the predicate - by a noun in the nominative case. In the past and future tenses, a linking verb appears and the case of the predicate changes to instrumental. | |
| The subject is expressed by the indefinite form of the verb or a phrase based on it, the predicate - also by the indefinite form of the verb. Particles are possible between the subject and the predicate, this means. | |
| The subject is expressed by the indefinite form of the verb or a phrase based on it, the predicate - by an adverb. | |
| The subject is expressed by the indefinite form of the verb or a phrase based on it, the predicate - by a noun in the nominative case or a phrase based on it. In the past and future tenses, a linking verb appears and the case of the predicate changes to instrumental. | |
| The subject is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, the predicate - by the indefinite form of the verb or a phrase based on it. A linking verb appears in the past and future tenses. | |
| The subject is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, the predicate - by an adjective or participle (full or short) in the nominative case. In the past and future tenses, a linking verb appears in the predicate. |
Knowing the main types of two-part sentences, it is easier to find grammatical basics in them.
Basic types of one-part sentences
| Typical form and meaning | ||
| Nominative (nominal) sentences | These are sentences where the main member is expressed by a noun or a pronoun-noun in the form of the nominative case. This main member is considered the subject and indicates that there is no predicate in the nominative sentence. Nominative sentences usually report that some phenomenon or object exists (are) in the present. | Large area in the city. Here's a bench. |
| Definitely personal proposals | The predicate is expressed by a verb in the 1st or 2nd person form. The ending of the verb in these cases clearly indicates the person and number of the pronoun (I, we, you, you). There is no need to use these pronouns as subjects. | |
| Vaguely personal proposals | The predicate is expressed by a verb in the 3rd person form plural(in present and future tense) or in plural form (in past tense). In such sentences, the action itself is important, and the doer is either unknown or unimportant to the speaker, so there is no subject in them. |
|
| Impersonal offers | These are sentences in which there is not and cannot be a subject, since they denote actions and states that are thought to occur “by themselves,” without the participation of an active agent. According to their form, these sentences are divided into two types: with a verbal predicate and with a predicate - a word of the state category. The verb predicate is expressed by a verb in the 3rd person form singular(in the present and future tense) or in the neuter singular form (in the past tense). This role is usually played by impersonal verbs or verbs in impersonal use. The verb predicate can also be expressed by the infinitive form of the verb. | In order not to freeze, she captured jacket |
| In addition, the predicate in an impersonal sentence can be the word No. | The owners are not at home. |
Secondary members of the sentence: definition, addition, circumstance
All members of the sentence, except the main ones, are called secondary.
The secondary members of the sentence are not included in the grammatical basis, but extend (explain) it. They can also explain other minor members.
Let's demonstrate this with a diagram:
According to their meaning and role in the sentence, minor members are divided into definition, addition and circumstance. These syntactic roles identified by questions.
Appreciated (to what extent?) high- circumstance.
Appreciated (what?) canvases- addition.
Canvases (whose?) his- definition.
Supplement as part of a sentence. Types of add-ons
Addition is minor member sentences that answer questions of indirect cases (i.e. all except the nominative) and denote the subject. The object usually extends the predicate, although it can also extend other members of the sentence.
I enjoy reading (what?) magazines. (Here the addition logs extends the predicate.)
Reading (what?) magazines is a fascinating activity. (Here the journals complement extends the subject.)
Objects are most often expressed by nouns (or words in the function of nouns) and pronouns, but can also be represented by an indefinite form of a verb and complete phrases.
During the campaign he shaved with (what?) a bayonet. (Here the complement bayonet is expressed by a noun.)
This is understandable only to connoisseurs of (what?) beauty. (Here the complement of beauty is expressed by an adjective in the role of a noun.)
And I will ask you (about what?) to stay. (Here the complement to remain is expressed by the infinitive form of the verb.)
He read (what?) a lot of books. (Here the addition of many books is expressed by a combination that is integral in meaning.)
Additions can be direct or indirect.
Direct objects belong to transitive verbs and denote the object to which the action is directly directed. Direct objects are expressed in the accusative case without a preposition.
I don’t know when I’ll see my relatives now (v.p.).
These furnaces used to melt steel (v.p.).
All other additions are called indirect.
Play the piano (p.p.).
I put the bread on the table (v.p. with a preposition).
I was forbidden to worry (expressed in the infinitive form of the verb).
The predicate is one of the main members of the sentence, consistent with the subject (in number, gender, person) and answering the questions: “what does the subject do?”, “what is it?”, “who is it?”, “what is it?” , “what’s happening to him?”
The syntax in Russian provides ample opportunities for composing sentences. The predicate can be a verb, adverb, adjective, or even a noun.
Verb predicate
Most often, the predicate can be expressed as a verb. In this case, a simple verbal predicate, a verbal predicate and a compound nominal predicate are distinguished. Simple verb predicates include:
- verbs in the imperative, indicative or subjunctive mood (for example: “Don’t touch the toy!”, “It’s raining”, “I’d like to go for a walk with friends”);
- phraseological units based on verbs (“He lost his temper”);
- phrases of two verbs of the same form, the first of which denotes an action, the second - the purpose of the action (“I’ll go, is everything okay”).
A compound verbal predicate is a phrase whose grammatical and lexical meaning is expressed in different words: auxiliary and main verb, the latter is used in the form and carries the lexical meaning of the predicate (“I wanted to talk about you”). A compound verb predicate can be complicated if it consists of several auxiliary words (“He decided to stop being angry”).
A compound nominal predicate is expressed by a phrase consisting of a linking verb and a nominal part. Linking verbs can be:
- the verb “to be”, deprived in this case of its lexical meaning “to exist”, “to be available” (“She was a student”);
- semi-nominal verbs “seem”, “turn out to be”, “happen”, “appear”, “become”, “become”, “reputed”, “considered” and some others (“He is her hero”);
- full-valued verbs expressing action, movement, state (“The children came to the guests already grimy”).
Other parts of speech, as a predicate
The predicate can only be expressed by an adverb, without using a connective, if the sentence does not need to specify the time of the action taking place (“It’s just monstrous!” Compare: “It was monstrous!”).
A short adjective is often used as a predicate in colloquial and artistic styles (“Our grandfather is not yet old at heart”). Using this technique allows you to vary the composition of the sentence and improve the readability of the text.
The noun becomes a predicate in definition sentences and is often separated from the subject by a dash. For example: “My mother is a cook,” “A book is a storehouse of wisdom.”
Also, sometimes a numeral name (“Twice three is six”) acts as a predicate.
Compound predicate is a predicate consisting of more than one word. In a compound verbal predicate, one part of such a predicate expresses the semantic meaning of the predicate, and the second expresses the mood and tense of the predicate:
She started singing- She started singing.
A compound verb predicate consists of in two parts:
1) Main part of a compound verb predicate, which expresses the lexical meaning of the predicate and is expressed by the infinitive;
2) which expresses the tense and mood of the verb and is expressed by the verb in conjugated form.
I I can fly. I I want to drink. I I'll start running in the morning.
Many infinitive phrases with conjugated verbs can be mistakenly taken for compound verb predicate. But there are two conditions by which we can make sure that we have a compound verbal predicate in front of us:
1) The action that denotes the main part of the predicate (infinitive) must relate to the subject. If the infinitive refers to another member of the sentence, then we do not have a compound verbal predicate, but a simple predicate and an objective infinitive. Compare:
I I want to drink. I asked bring me my sister drink.
In the first case we have a compound verbal predicate, in the second we have a simple verbal predicate with an object "drink", expressed by the infinitive.
2) Auxiliary part of a compound verb predicate cannot exist on its own in a sentence, since the sentence will not have a complete lexical meaning. Compare:
I can hear.(Compound verb predicate. Sentence "I can" is not such, since it does not have semantic completeness without an infinitive "hear").
He came over to look. He came up.(The infinitive in this sentence is not part of the compound verbal predicate, but an object).
The meaning of the auxiliary verb of a compound verbal predicate.
The auxiliary part of a compound verbal predicate can have the following meanings:
- Modalities. In this case, modal verbs are used: can, be able to, want, love, hate, desire, try and many others.
- The value of the phase or time of action. Expressed using verbs: p continue, start, finish, stop, quit etc.
Scheme for parsing a compound verbal predicate.
1) Type of predicate.
2) The form of the verb and the meaning of the auxiliary part and how the main part of the predicate is expressed.
Parsing example.
Rain started rattling even stronger.
Started to rattle- compound verb predicate. The main part (to drum) is expressed by the infinitive. The auxiliary part has a phase meaning and is expressed by a verb in the form of the past tense of the indicative mood.
In this chapter:
§1. The main parts of a sentence are the subject and the predicate.
Subject
The subject is the main member of the sentence, independent of other members of the sentence. The subject answers the questions of the IP: who? What?
The subject of a sentence is expressed in different ways.
What is the subject expressed by?
The subject can be a word or phrase.
Most often the subject is expressed:
1) noun: mother, laughter, love;
2) words that have the function of a noun: nouns derived from adjectives or participles: patient, manager, greeter, ice cream, dining room;
3) pronouns: we, no one, anything;
4) numerals: three, five;
5) indefinite form of the verb: Smoking is harmful to health;
6) a phrase, if it has the meaning:
a) togetherness: husband and wife, duck and ducklings, me and my friend;
b) uncertainty or generality: Something unfamiliar appeared in the distance. One of the guests closed the window;
c) quantities: 2 million people live in the city;
d) selectivity: Any of them could become the first. Most students passed the test;
e) phraseological unit: The white nights have come.
Predicate
Predicate- this is the main member of the sentence, denoting what is said about the subject, which is the subject. The predicate depends on the subject and agrees with it. It answers various questions: what does the object do? what's happening to him? what is he like? who is he? what it is? what is the subject? All these questions are variations of the question: what is being said about the subject? The choice of a specific question depends on the structure of the sentence.
The predicate contains the most important grammatical characteristic of a sentence: its grammatical meaning.
Grammatical meaning- this is the generalized meaning of a sentence, which characterizes its content in terms of two parameters:
- reality-irreality,
- time.
Reality-irreality expressed by the mood of the verb.
- Verbs in the indicative mood are characteristic of statements that reflect the real situation: It’s raining, It’s getting light.
- Verbs in the imperative and conditional moods are characteristic of sentences that reflect not a real, but a desirable situation. Don't forget your umbrella! I wish it didn't rain today!
Time- an indicator of the correlation of the situation with the moment of speech. Time is expressed by verb forms of present, past and future tense.
Simple and compound predicate
The predicate in two-part sentences can be simple or compound. Compounds are divided into compound verbal and compound nominal.
Simple predicate- this is a type of predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in one word. A simple predicate is always a verb. It is expressed by a verb in the form of one of the moods. In the indicative mood, verbs can be in one of three tenses: present - past - future.
He knows poetry by heart.
indicative mood, present time
He knew the poems by heart.
indicative mood, past time
He will learn poetry by heart.
indicative mood, bud. time
You will learn these verses by heart.
imperative mood
In a circle you would learn poetry by heart.
conditional mood
Compound predicate- this is a type of predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words.
If in a simple verbal predicate the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in one word, then in a compound predicate they are expressed in different words. For example:
Suddenly the baby stopped singing and started laughing.
He stopped singing and started laughing - compound predicates. The words sing, laugh call an action, while expressing lexical meaning. The grammatical meaning is expressed by the words: stopped, started
Compound predicates are verbal and nominal.
Compound verb predicate
A compound verbal predicate is a predicate consisting of an auxiliary word and an indefinite form of the verb. Examples:
He finished working.
I want to help you.
Auxiliary words are divided into two groups:
1) verbs with the meaning of the beginning-continuation-end of an action, for example: start, finish, continue, stop, cease;
2) verbs and short adjectives with the meaning of possibility, desirability, necessity: be able, able, want, want, wish, strive, try; glad, ready, must, obliged, intends.
In a compound verbal predicate, auxiliary words express the grammatical meaning, and the indefinite form of the verb expresses the lexical meaning of the predicate.
If the auxiliary word is a short adjective, then it is used with a connective. The connective is the verb to be. Here are relevant examples with the copula in the past tense:
I was so glad to meet you!
In the present tense the word is is not used, it is omitted: the connective is zero, for example:
I'm so glad to meet you!
In the future tense, the connective be is put in the future tense. Example:
I'll be glad to meet you.
Compound nominal predicate
A compound nominal is a predicate consisting of a linking verb and a nominal part. Linking verbs express the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and the nominal part expresses its lexical meaning.
1. The linking verb to be expresses only grammatical meaning. Yesterday she was beautiful. In the present tense the copula is zero: She is beautiful.
2. Linking verbs become, become, become, appear, be considered, appear, be called, introduce themselves: The house from afar seemed like a dot.
3. Linking verbs with the meaning of movement or location in space: come, arrive, sit, lie, stand: The mother returned from work tired. The mother sat thoughtful, sad.
In all these cases, linking verbs can be replaced by the verb to be. The sentences will be synonymous, for example:
The mother sat thoughtful, sad. Synonymous: The mother was thoughtful, sad.
He was considered the most talented of us. Synonymous: He was the most talented of us.
With such a replacement, of course, all the nuances of meaning are not conveyed. Therefore, the language offers various linking verbs that emphasize different shades of meaning.
Combinations of linking verbs with auxiliary words are possible: She dreamed of becoming an actress.
The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate
The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate is expressed in Russian in different ways, and, paradoxically, not only by names. Although the most common and characteristic is the use of names as the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: nouns, adjectives, numerals. Naturally, names can be replaced by pronouns. And since the role of adjectives and participles is similar, participles can also appear along with adjectives. Adverbs and adverbial combinations are also possible in the nominal part. Examples:
1) noun: Mother is a doctor., Anastasia will be an actress.,
2) adjective: He grew up strong and handsome.,
3) numeral: Twice two is four.,
4) pronoun: You will be mine., Who was nobody will become everything (“International”),
5) participle: The essay turned out to be lost., The daughter was completely cured.,
6) adverb and adverbial combination: The shoes were just right. The trousers were just right.
The nominal part can contain not only individual words, but also syntactically indivisible phrases. Examples:
She ran into the room with a cheerful face.
She sat with thoughtful eyes.
It is impossible to say: She ran in with a face., She sat with eyes., because the phrases with a cheerful face and with thoughtful eyes are syntactically indivisible - this is the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.
Test of strength
Find out your understanding of this chapter.
Final test
Which parts of the sentence are considered the main ones?
- subject and object
- definition, circumstance and addition
- subject and predicate
Can the subject be expressed in words derived from adjectives or participles: manager, sick, in love?
Can the subject be expressed in phrases, for example: we are with friends?
What is the subject in the sentence: Any of you can prepare for the Unified State Exam and pass it successfully.?
- any
- any of you
What characteristics are included in the grammatical meaning of a sentence?
- reality - unreality and time
- type and time
Is it true that a simple verbal predicate is a predicate whose lexical and grammatical meaning is expressed by one verb?
Is it true that a compound predicate is a special type of predicate whose lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words?
I can't help you.?
- simple verb
- compound verb
- compound nominal
What is the predicate in the sentence: He was always considered serious.?
- simple verb
- compound verb
- compound nominal
What is the predicate in the sentence: Two by two is four.?
- simple verb
- compound verb
- compound nominal