Is there a neuter gender in Arabic? What is arabic?

PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES

ON THE WAYS OF EXPRESSING THE CHARACTERS OF GENDER IN ARABIC AND TURKISH LANGUAGES

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Gender is a grammatical category that expresses signs of masculine and feminine gender in language. The nominal parts of speech in Arabic can differ in both masculine and feminine gender. At the same time, the signs of masculine and feminine gender can be expressed both lexically and through inflection, as well as elements of harfi tarif. The purpose of this article is to determine the ways of expressing the characteristics of the feminine and masculine gender in the nominal parts of speech in the Arabic and Turkish languages, which, both in terms of genetic and typological characteristics, belong to heterogeneous languages.

Keywords

feminine gender - muannas.

In many languages, the nominal parts of speech grammatically express the generic meaning. In those grammars where there is a division of names according to genders, the genus is present not only in animate, but also in inanimate names. Arabic belongs to such languages. The grammatical division of names along the line of masculine and feminine gender directly affects the change in words in the sentence.

There are also languages \u200b\u200bwhere there is no division of words by gender. Turkish is a typical example of such languages. In this language, male or female names are identified by their lexical meaning. Naturally, such names do not carry any grammatical meaning of gender. That is, there is no grammatical difference between masculine and feminine names. Their belonging to one of the genders does not in any way affect the connection of words in a sentence.

The gender of nouns in Arabic. Gender words are divided into muzakkar "masculine" and (^ ja) mounas "feminine" gender. They are expressed not only in animate objects, but also in inanimate objects. Items not expressing any gender can also be either masculine or feminine.

Muzakkar "masculine" Muannas "feminine"

ab father umm mother

khisan horse faras horse

dick cock dajaja chicken

("^ lL ism al-muunas. In Arabic, animate objects of the feminine gender or

some inanimate objects are referred to as ism al-muannas "feminine names."

uht sister ejl ^ j nazzara glasses

bandage girl üi ^ ia almond table

Yals amma aunt siaU nafiza window

Yam hala aunt (paternal) Äixl milaka spoon

^ B ^ f) alayama at-tanis. In the Arabic language, there are a number of features that determine the gender of certain objects. These signs help to distinguish these objects from objects.

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expressing masculine gender. These signs are referred to as alayama at-tanis (signs of the feminine gender). The following signs are signs of at-tanis:

1) (^ jij ^ l f ^ l) at - ta al - marbuta. The most common trait is feminine. This feature is realized in the form of endings. It is not the root letter of a word: (®) (). There is no similar form in Turkish.

Muzakkar Muunnas

nazif clean nazif clean

bi kitty cat kitta cat

mumin who believed DAL ^ L Mumin who believed

2) (in ^ All2 | ^ N1) ENG Memdude. The second sign, expressing the feminine gender of nouns, most often determines the genus of syfats. It is written at the end of a word as - aa, - aau, - aai. Alif al - mamduda is not the root letter of the word, but the last letter Hamza is one of the root letters of the word. It should be noted that not every word containing a given letter expresses the feminine gender. To do this, it must be transformed into a masculine afal.

3) For example: at the end of the word (^ b ^) hamraau "red" there is alif al - mamduda. However, in order to find out what gender a given word indicates, it is necessary to look at how it is expressed in the masculine gender. If this word is expressed in the form (^\u003e) afal, i.e. (J ■ LL ^) Ahmar "red" which indicates the masculine gender, it means (^ b ^) Hamarau "red" indicates the feminine gender.

Muzakkar Muunnas

akhmar red fij ^ A hamraau red

ahsan beautiful fliulA hasnaau beautiful

araj temple f ^ j® arajau temple

If the alif al-mamduda at the end of the word is one of the root letters, then in this case this sign does not indicate the feminine gender, but serves as a sign of the plural.

binau building

fli ^ safaau purity

shuaraau poets

uzamaau leaders

fliH hulafaau khalifa

4) alif al - maksura. The ending (y-) - aa, comes at the end of the noun. This

the sign does not indicate the gender of nouns, i.e. the presence of this ending at the end of a word does not mean that it is a muannas. Alif al-maqsora can exist in both feminine and masculine names. In order for the word in which this feature exists, we can call a feminine name, a number of conditions are necessary. Of them:

a) if the adjective ends in alif al-maksura, and this adjective is also used for a masculine noun in the form of Faalyan, then this adjective is used in the feminine form. For example, in order to determine the gender of the adjective (u? ^ ЕС ") atasha" thirsty ", it is necessary to turn to the use of this word in the masculine gender. Since this word in the masculine gender in the form of faalyan is pronounced as (¿ЬдЬс) atshaan," thirsty », Then the adjective (w1" br) atshaa "thirsty" is feminine.

b) the root of the noun ending in alif al-maksura is also feminine. For example (^ th) daavaa "invitation, call" (^^) zikraa "remembrance", (^ "y) bushraa" joy ".

c) if the stem or root of a noun ends in alif al-maksura, then the word refers to the feminine gender. For example, unsaa "woman", (<^1) афаа "змея ", (у^)

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hubblya "pregnancy".

d) if the word ends in alif al-maksura, but it does not contain the above signs, then the word will be masculine and not feminine. For example, (^ b.ll) Mustafa "Mustafa", (j ^ ja) Marda "Sick", (j \\ J?) Jurkhaa "wounded", (Jja) Musanna "dual", (j ^^ "") mustashfaa "hospital".

Feminine nouns with no tanis signs. In Arabic, feminine nouns can be identified by the above characteristics. But there are also words that do not have these signs, and still refer to the female gender. They can be listed as follows:

1. Names assigned to women: female names that do not have signs of the feminine gender are still considered as such. For example, (fiJA ^) Maryam, (^ jij) Zainab, (Jl * ^) Suad and (^ b) Hind.

2. Names used for feminine creatures: The names used for feminine creatures also refer to the feminine gender. For example, uht "sister", (fi) umm "mother", (^ jj) bandage "daughter".

3. The name of the paired organs: In Arabic, paired organs of the body are also used in the feminine gender. For example, (d ^\u003e) is "ears", (J * j) ridge "legs", (6jc) ain "eyes".

4. Names of countries, cities and tribes: In Arabic, the names of countries, cities and tribes are also used in the feminine gender. For example, (l ^ J2) Turkey, Bishkek, Quraish.

5. The name of the winds, fire and its various names: In Arabic, this category of words also refers to the feminine gender. For example, (jlj) naar "fire", (jj * ^ 1) saiir "strong fire", (^ i) riih "wind", (oüJ) dubuur "west wind".

6. Names of various flocks and herds of animals: this category of words is also used in the feminine gender. For example (fj®) ghanem "flock of sheep and goats", (f1- *) hamam "flock of pigeons", (Jjj) ibil "herds of camels"

Feminine species in Arabic. In Arabic, the feminine gender is divided into three groups: hakiki feminine, lafzi feminine, and semai feminine.

1. (JfoH ^ jj-lI fuiVI) Hakiki feminine: words directly used to denote the feminine gender, regardless of the presence or absence of the sign, refer to the feminine hakiki: for example, (i ^ jSi) zikraa "memory", amyaa "blind" , (®ij * l) imraa "woman", (vjü) "zeyneb", (YADYae) "aisha", (fi) mind "mother", (^ i) uht "sister" (^ Щ fetat "young girl"

2. (j ^ iffl ¿uj-lI fuiVI) Lafzi is feminine: words in the sense of masculine glad but feminine are called lafzi feminine, for example, (I ± $ 1 * A,) Muaviya, Zekeriya, (I * A *) Caliph, ("j- * ■) Hamza, (I * ^) Talha.

3. (jd- ^ li ¿jj-lI fuiVI) Semai feminine: words that do not have the feminine gender, but are feminine names in their meaning. Such words refer to the female Semai. For example, shems "sun", nefs "nefs, life", (VJ *) harb "war".

(j £ j-2I fuiVI) masculine. Words that are not feminine and do not have feminine characteristics in themselves are masculine words. Thus, you can easily determine whether a word is masculine. If we cannot determine which gender a word belongs to, then it will be enough to see if it contains signs of the feminine gender. If a word has one of the characteristics of the feminine gender, then this word is feminine, and if it does not have such characteristics, then the word refers to the masculine gender.

Masculine species. The masculine gender is divided into two groups:

1) (jfoll j ^ J-lI Hakiki masculine: words denoting an inspired object of the masculine gender and having no signs of a feminine gender refer to the hakiki masculine. For example (A-l |) Ahmetg, (± -ъA) Muhammet, (^) Ali.

2) f ^ VI) Manevi masculine: words denoting an inanimate object of masculine gender refer to hakiki masculine. For example, beit "house", (j-2) chambers "moon", (th ^) lisan "language".

There are a small number of exception words in Arabic that are used in both the feminine and masculine gender. That is, from a grammatical point of view, these words are both masculine and

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female. But this does not mean that these words have no gender, as is the case in other languages.

cybd lung flAUl sema sky

Jju bitches market Jb hal state

tarik road shikin knife

unuk neck force weapon

Gender of nouns in Turkish. In the Turkish language, from a grammatical point of view, there is no division of words by gender. Creatures of different kinds are designated by different names and titles. However, based on the fact that they are nouns that do not express any gender, there are no differences in grammar regarding this number of features. Thus, this action does not affect the masculine and feminine words. Items that do not belong to a specific genus also do not belong to the categories of generic characteristics. In short, there is no gender category among the noun categories in Turkish. And therefore in grammar there is no such thing as an ending expressing the gender of a noun.

Differences between real names are feminine and masculine. As already noted, in the grammar of the Turkish language there are no differences between genders, but there are signs by which the sex of a given subject is determined. They can be listed in the following order:

1. Attach adjectives to people's names: In order to determine which genus the name belongs to, it is necessary to attach adjectives such as egkek "man", kadm "woman" or kiz "deeo4Ka". For example, Erkek gocuk (boy), kiz gocuk (girl), erkek karde§ (brother), kiz karde§ (sister), erkek isgi (worker), kadin isgi (worker), erkek doktor (doctor), kadin doktor (doctor woman), erkek §arkici (neeets), kadin §arkici (singer), erkekyolcu (traveler), kadin yolcu (traveler), etc.

2. The use of different words in the designation of a related knot: For example, mother, father, son, daughter, sister, brother, daughter-in-law, son-in-law, matchmaker, brother-in-law, husband, wife, mother-in-law, mother-in-law, father-in-law, father-in-law, aunt, uncle, etc. etc.

3. The use of the adjectives erkek (male) and di§i (female) before the names of animals: Erkekaslan (lion), di§i aslan (lioness), erkek kaplan (tiger), di§i kaplan (tigress), erkek timsah (male crocodile), di§i timsah (female crocodile), erkek kedi (cat), di§i kedi (female cat), erkek güvercin (male pigeon), di§i güvercin (female pigeon), etc.

4. Name of animals: koyun (sheep), kog (kochkor), kegi (goat), teke (goat), inek (cow), oküz (buffalo), boga (bull), aygir (horse), tavuk (chicken), horoz (rooster) etc.

Comparison of these two languages. As already noted, in Arabic, nouns are subdivided into genders. However, the Turkish language lacks this category. In Arabic, nouns are divided into muzakkar and muunnas. Thus, all animate or inanimate objects are considered within the framework of these two genera. In order to distinguish one from the other, there are certain signs called alamats. These alamats are either in the root of the word or are added as endings. By means of such signs, in Arabic, you can distinguish the masculine gender from the feminine gender.

Arabic and Turkish grammatically have no points of contact at all. However, despite this, there is still some similarity in the language logic:

1. In both languages, separate names were used to designate the female or male sex.

2. In both languages, there is such a problem as the designation of the gender of some names. For example, the word doctor in both languages \u200b\u200bis used for both men and women. The Arabic language solved this problem by means of the ending i.e. to the word duktur - doctor added the ending (»JJ ^ J) duktura, thus this word already expresses the doctor woman.

3. In both languages, if there is no feminine sign, then the noun is considered masculine. Therefore, in Arabic, the sign of tanis is necessary to designate the feminine gender. In Turkish, an adjective is used for this.

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List of used literature:

1. Aziz Ahmad Khalil, £ ev. Burhan Sümerta§, Kur "an" da Cinsiyet Kaliplari: Sosyolengüistik Bir Yakla§im, Istanbul: Í.Ü. ilahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, Bahar, 2010/1 (1), 295-306 s.

2. Cämi Abdurrahman, Trc. Ercan Elbinsoy, el-Feváidü "z-Ziyáiyye, Molla Cämi tercümesi, istanbul: Yasin Yayinevi, 2005, 568 s.

3. £ örtü Meral M., Arapga Dilbilgisi: Sarf, istanbul: i.Ü. ilahiyat Fakültesi Vakfi Yayinlari, 2001, 573 s.

4. Ergin Muharrem, Türk Dilbilgisi, Istanbul: Bogazi ^ i Yayinlari, 1998, 407 s.

5. Korkmaz Zeynep, Türkiye Türkgesi Grameri (§ekil Bilgisi), Ankara: TDK Yayinlari, 2003, 1224 s.

6. Yilmaz Demir-Emine N., "Ural-Altay Dillerive Altay Dilleri Teorisi", Türkler, p. I, Ankara: Yeni Türkiye yay., 2002, 394-402 s .; http: //yunus.hacettepe. edu. tr / ~ eminey / makaleler / yilmazkbol5.pdf, (eri§imtarihi: 01/14/2015).

7. 397 "2003" ¿"" b "il jIj í ^ j ^ ÜI ^ i jbiiJl" Jj ^ S jaJ (Ahmed Hasan Kuhail, Interpretation of nominal forms, Qusaym: Dar Asdaul-Muztema, 2003, 397 p.).

8. ^ ¡^ a 446 1988 AY ^ d "" ¿JAISJI "i_il3 £ ll" jjjlfc l "^ l ^^ Jl JJC. Í ^ JS ^ J "jjja ¿J jlAic. ¿J JJA ^ J ^ J (Sibaveikh Abu Bishr Amr ibn-Usma ibn-Kander, Txk: Abdusselam Muhammad Harun, Book, Cairo: Mektebetul-Khanzhi, 1988, p. 1, 446 s.).

9.408 "1998" ^ aJUI i-iuSJl jij "üjju" ^ ¿juJlj jjSíüJI ^ ijjlal ^ íj- ^ JI "jjjJl jjj (Isaam Nuriddin, Morphological signs of the difference between male and female gender, Beirut: Darul-Kitabul-1988 , 408 p.).

10. 430 "1973" AjAkil AjjSaJI "¿jaISJI" ¿jJI Í¿JI la / jí ¡lL jI ^ í (Fuad Nam, A Short Course of Arabic Grammar, Cairo: Al-Maktabul-Ilmiyye, 1973.430 pp.).

11. 902 "1971" AjjSaJI "üjju" AajJI ^ ¡jjjJI ¿lU "^ íu ^ aJI ^ ¿L ^ l (Mustafa al-Galayini, Arabic lessons, Beirut: Al-Maktabul-Asriya, 1971, p. 1 , 902 p.).

12. 378 "1. £" 1981 "Aíj * aJI jIj" JjjjH ^ I "jajJlj uij ^ ji Jclja\u003e j. ^ Milj\u003e jVmil í ^ íaí aa ^ l (Muhammad Zikhni, Selected rules of morphology and word formation, Istanbul: Izd. -vo Marifet, 1981, part 1, 378 p.).

13. 352 "2002" j & SI jIj "^ jjjjJI" jajJl jIj ^ Í "jUA ^ ¿j aa ^ í jjjJl ^ a ^ ajIj U\u003e b JUS ¿jI (Ibn Kemal Pashazade Shemsuddin Ahmed ibn Suleiman, Secrets of the science of morphology: Darul-Fikr, 2002, 352s.).

© Aksoy M., 2016

FT Lecturer, Gaziantep University Gaziantep, Republic of Turkey

THE PLACE OF ARABIC IN THE FAMILY OF SEMITIAN LANGUAGES

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The Arabic language belongs genetically to the Semitic languages, and typologically - to the inflectional type, in which, while maintaining the consonant frame, the root can change due to inflection and affixation. The article discusses issues related to the place and characteristics of the Arabic language in the family of Semitic languages.

Keywords

Semitic family of languages, place and features of the Arabic language, al-lyahja, language.

The languages \u200b\u200bof the world are usually classified genetically on the basis of their origin and typologically on the basis of their internal structure. This can take into account such features as

Nouns by declension type are divided into three types:

1. Feminine nouns with the ending -а, -я (earth);
2. Masculine nouns with zero ending, neuter nouns with the ending -o, -e (house, field);
3. Zero-ending feminine nouns (mouse).

In the Russian language, a special group is made up of diverse nouns: burden, crown, flame, udder, banner, tribe, stirrup, time, name, path.

A significant group of nouns does not change in gender and number, they are called non-declining; depot, foyer, aloe, coffee, coat, attaché and others.

Adjectives vary in gender, number and case in the singular. In the plural, the case endings of adjectives of all three genders coincide: new tables, books, pens.

There are certain rules for declension and numerals. For example, the number one is declined as an adjective in the singular, and the number two, three, four have special case forms that are similar to the endings of adjectives in the plural.

Numbers from five to ten and numerals from -dt and -type are declined according to the third declension of nouns.

The numerals forty, ninety have two case forms: forty and ninety.

For numbers two hundred, three hundred, four hundred, and for all numbers on-hundred, both parts are inclined.

In Arabic, in words defining the profession, type, quality, occupation of the object, the feminine gender is formed from the masculine gender by joining the end of the word ة [t] (تَاءُ مَربُوطَة [ta marbuta]). For instance:

كَبِيرٌ m.r. large - كَبِيرَةٌ f. big

The feminine plural (جَمْعُ المُؤَنَّثِ السَّالِمُ) is formed from the singular. r. by replacing ة (تاء مربوطة) with ا (أَلِفٌ) and ت (تاء مَفْتُوحَة). For instance:

كَبِيرَةٌ big - كَبِيرَاتٌ big r.

Note: ة written at the end of an expression reads like x صَغِيرَةٌ هِيَ [hiya sogirah].

Lesson 3

اسْمُ الإِشَارَةِ – Demonstrative pronouns

Remember the demonstrative pronouns:

هَذَا this, this m.r.

هَذِهِ this r.

هَؤُلَاءِ these

ذَلِكَ (ذَاكَ) that then m.r.

تِلْكَ that r.

أُوْلَئِكَ those (same for masculine and feminine)

for example: ذَلِكَ رَجُلٌ that man;هَذَا رَجُلٌ this man.

The definite article الـ

All names in Arabic are used either in a definite or not a definite state. One of the signs of the certainty of a name is the definite article الـ, which is used with the names already mentioned, as well as with the names of objects that are unique of their kind. This article is written together with the names. For instance:

اَلْغَنِيُّ، اَلرَّجُلُ، اَلْمَرْأَةُ، اَلصَّغِيرُ

Note the following features:

1. Tanvin ending is not compatible with الـ.

رَجُلٌ – اَلرَّجُلُ، رَجُلًا – اَلرَّجُلَ، رَجُلٍ – اَلرَّجُلِ.

Fatah tanvin at the end of the word is closed with alif.

2. At the beginning of the expression, the alif is read with a short unstressed sound and, and in the middle it is not readable.

اَلْمَرْأَةُ طَوِيلَةٌ – هَذِهِ الْمَرْأَةُ طَوِيلَةٌ.

3. The consonants of the Arabic language are divided into the so-called "lunar" and "sun" letters, remember them:

Lunar: ا ، ب ، ج ، ح ، خ ، ع ، غ ، ف ، ق ، ك ، م ، هـ ، ي ، و

Solar: ت ، ث ، د ، ذ ، ر ، ز ، س ، ش ، ص ، ض ، ط ، ظ ، ل ، ن

When the article الـ is attached to the lunar letters, لـ is read, when it is attached to the sun letters, it is not read, but the solar letter is doubled, i.e. the letter لـ is assimilated.

اَلطَّوِيلُ، اَلصَّغِيرُ، اَلرِّجَالُ، اَلنِّسَاءُ

For more details on the certainty and ambiguity of the name, see lesson 14.

Lesson 4

Remember:

Lesson 6

الضَّمِيرُ الْمُتَّصِلُ – Fused pronoun

الضَّمِيرُ الْمُتَّصِلُ fused pronouns are pronouns that are written together with the words to which they relate. For instance:

صَدِيقُ كَ your friend; صَدِيق ُنَا our friend

In these examples, you can see that the fused pronouns ـكَ your; ـنَا our joined to the end of the word صَدِيقٌ friend and were written together with these words, therefore they are called merged.

The following fused pronouns exist:

By joining names, fused pronouns perform the function of possessive pronouns, i.e. determine the affiliation. For instance:

كِتَابُهُ his book; those. this book belongs to him.

When agreeing a continuous pronoun with the names to which they refer, the grammatical gender of the owner of the object is taken into account, and not the object itself. For instance:

صَدِيقُكِ your friend; in this example, the word صَدِيقُ friend m.r., and the pronoun ـكِ yours f.r., it means that the owner of the friend is a woman.

صَدِيقَتُكِ your girlfriend; those. the owner of the girlfriend is a man.

When agreeing a name with a fused pronoun of the 1st person singular ـِي my the vowel of the last letter is replaced by kasru. For example: ضَيْفِي my guest.

Names that are joined by fused pronouns are written without the articles الـ and tanvin.

Lesson 7-8

Remember:

In addition to fused pronouns, other names or demonstrative pronouns to which they refer can determine the ownership of names (see lesson 10 for more details). For example: اِبْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ son of Muhammad... In this example, the identity of the son is determined by his father, who is Muhammad. أُمُّ هَذَا الْوَلَدِ mother of this child... In this example, the mother is identified with هَذَا thisand the child, in turn, is the definition for هَذَا.

Between two proper names in the word اِب начنٌ, the initial alif is missing. For example: أَحْمَدُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ this expression can be translated as: Ahmad son of Muhammad,those. Ahmad Muhammadovich.

Cases in Arabic

The bulk of names in Arabic have three declension and have the following main features of these cases:

(more about the signs of cases in the lesson section 12)

الإِضَافَةُ – Inconsistent definition

الإِضَافَةُ inconsistent definition - these are phrases consisting of two words, the first is called مُضَافٌ the second is مُضَافٌ إِلَيْهِ. For instance:

جَارُ الْمُعَلِّمِ teacher's neighbor

مُضَافٌ defined is the first word of a phrase indicating belonging to another name, which is written after it. مُضَافٌ is used without the article الـ and tanwina (ـٌـٍـً). Also, مُضَافٌ can be in any case.

مُضَافٌ إِلَيْهِ a name defining belonging - defines the belonging in front of the word, it is always used in the genitive case (مَجْرُور в) mainly with the article الـ. For instance:

بَيْتُ الصَدِيقِ friend's house... In this phrase بَيْتُ house is مُضَافٌ because used without the article الـ and tanwin and indicates its affiliation friend, in turn الصَدِيقِ friend is مُضَافٌ إِلَيْهِ because used in the genitive case (مَجْرُورٌ) \u200b\u200band defines the belonging of the house to itself, i.e. the house belongs to a friend.

إِمَامُ الْمَسْجِدِ imam of the mosque In this example, إِمَامُ is مُضَافٌ and الْمَسْجِدِ is مُضَافٌ إِلَيْهِ.

Lesson 9

الْجَمْعُ – Plural of names

الجَمْعُ plural Are words that indicate three or more objects. There are three types of plurals:

1. جَمْعُ الْمُذَكَّرِ السَّالِمُ correct plural. masculine - formed from singular masculine by adding the ending ـُونَ to the end of the word. (مَرْفُوعٌ); and the endings ـِينَ in genus. (مَجْرُورٌ) \u200b\u200band wines. (مَنْصُوبٌ). For instance:

مُعَلِّمٌ teacher – مُعَلِّمُ ونَ or مُعَلِّم ِينَ teachers

مُجْتَهِدٌ diligent– مُجْتَهِدُ ونَ or مُجْتَهِدِ ينَ diligent

2. جَمْعُ الْمُؤَنَّثِ السَّالِمُ correct plural. feminine - formed from singular feminine by replacing ة with the ending ـَات For example:

مُعَلِّمَةٌ the teacher – مُعَلِّمَ اتٌ teachers

مُجْتَهِدَةٌ diligent – مُجْتَهِدَ اتٌ diligent r.

3. جَمْعُ التَّكْسِيرِ broken plural. - is formed by changing the structure of the word itself. For instance:

كَبِيرٌ large – كِبَارٌ big

تِلْمِيذٌ apprentice – تَلَامِيذُ students

Note: broken pl. h. does not have a specific education rule and

memorized by memorization.

الصِّفَةُ – Agreed definition

الصِّفَةُ an agreed definition is a minor member of a sentence indicating the attribute or quality of the name preceding it called مَوْصُوفٌ (determinable). For instance:

تِلْمِيذٌ مُجْتَهِدٌ diligent student... This example shows that مُجْتَهِدٌ diligent is الصِّفَةُ (definition) because determines the quality التِّلْمِيذٌ pupilwhich is مَوْصُوفٌ (designated).

Also, الصِّفَةُ and مَوْصُوفٌ must agree with each other on 4 grounds: in gender, number, case, certainty and uncertainty (lesson 14). For instance:

الطَّبِيبُ الْمَاهِرُ skillful doctor... In this example, الطَّبِيبُ doctor is in singular, husband. R., im. and a certain condition; الْمَاهِرُ skillful also found in singular, husband. R., im. and a certain state therefore الطَّبِيبُ doctor is مَوْصُوفٌ, and الْمَاهِرُ skillful is الصِّفَةُ.

مُعَلِّمَةٌ صَالِحَةٌ righteous teacher... In this example, مُعَلِّمَةٌ the teacher is in singular, wives. R., im. and an indeterminate state; صَالِحَةٌ righteous also found in singular, wives. R., im. and indefinite state hence مُعَلِّمَةٌ the teacher is مَوْصُوف, while صَالِحَةٌ righteous is الصِّفَةُ.

الْمُعَلِّمُونَ الْعُلَمَاءُ learned teachers... In this example, الْمُعَلِّمُونَ teachers is in the plural, husband. R., im. and a certain condition; الْعُلَمَاءُ scientists also in the plural, husband. R., im. and a certain state hence الْمُعَلِّمُونَ teachers, is مَوْصُوفٌ, and الْعُلَمَاءُ scientists is الصِّفَةُ.

Note: often a phrase defined by a definition is translated at the beginning of the definition, and then defined, as seen in the above examples.

Lesson 10

Remember the following features:

1. When جَمْعُ الْمُذَكَّرِ السَّالِمُ (correct masculine plural) is مُضَافٌ, the ending ن is omitted. For instance:

مُعَلِّمُو نَ التِّلْمِيذِ g مُعَلِّمُو التِّلْمِيذِ student teacher; خَيَّاطُو نَ هُمْ g خَيَّاطُوهُمْ their

tailorsetc.

2. if the continuous pronoun ـي is added to the regular plural. masculine, ن is omitted, and final و becomes ي. For instance:

مُعَلِّمُونَ + ـِي g مُعَلِّمُوي g مُعَلِّمُيي g مُعَلِّمُيَّ g مُعَلِّمِيَّ my teachers

Lesson 11

Remember: