How to choose the right submersible pump. How to choose a pump for a well - expert advice

The supply of water from a well, unlike a well, cannot be ensured using buckets. You will definitely have to use specialized equipment - a pump. Any gardener, gardener, or owner of a personal plot should know what it should be.

Peculiarities

A pump for a well, by definition, must be more productive than one installed in a heating or sewage system. After all, it works even for a relatively short time in most cases, but it must provide a powerful peak load. The height of the water column becomes a critically important characteristic.

One more point: you will definitely have to supplement the device with a filter, since even the best and well-prepared well can become clogged.

Kinds

Engineers were able to develop a number of options for borehole pumps, among them there are even deep pumps that lift water to 50 meters or more. Of course, the greater the height of the provided water column, the greater the power of the installation should be. Submersible systems are suitable for drawing liquid from any container. Of course, the developers care about the anti-corrosion properties and high strength of all materials used. There is also a smaller division.

Thus, the vibrating submersible pump is characterized by its simple design and minimal maintenance requirements. Of no small importance for consumers is the affordable price, as well as the exclusion of any rotating parts that are the most fragile and sensitive. The scheme of work is as follows:

• electric current is supplied to the coil;
• passing through the winding, it gives a magnetic field;
• under the influence of a magnetic field, the core is retracted;
• behind the core stretches an attached rod connected to a rubber diaphragm;
• It bends and forms an area of ​​low pressure in the middle part of the pump;
• water is sucked into the chamber;
• the springs at this moment force the diaphragm to return to its original position;
• the consumer receives water after closing the valve under the influence of excess pressure.

It is not surprising that such a device is widely used in gardens and vegetable gardens, and is used to drain flooded basements and cellars. The centrifugal scheme, however, also has certain advantages. It ensures the extraction of water at different temperatures. This pump works easily with oil and acid solutions. The engine is connected through a shaft to the impeller, and the wheel has holes through which water can flow in and be directed in the desired direction. The liquid is drawn inside the housing under the influence of the same pressure difference, only it is created by centrifugal force.

This option allows you to provide a very high head column even with mediocre productivity. The centrifugal self-priming pump is equipped with a horizontal casing and begins to operate only after the suction pipe is 100% filled with air.

Normally, the suction unit is also pre-filled, but with water. A multi-stage type can develop stronger pressure than a single-stage type, but this will not change the overall performance. At dachas, surface units can also be used, which also supply water well to houses.

The difference is that surface-type devices “get along” extremely poorly even with minor fluid blockages. The pump itself is not immersed in wells and boreholes; only a flexible hose is placed there. The greatest depth of water intake is 9 m. If this is not enough, you will have to buy additional ejectors. Before starting up, the pump must be filled with water; automatic systems

preferable because they consume less current and have overheating protection.

Manual models can also lift water up to 9 m up. If necessary, they can be removed and used to move other liquids without abrasive inclusions. The highest temperature of transported substances is limited to 80 degrees. The wing rotates under the influence of forces imparted by a hand lever. Each side is involved in the suction or expulsion of water, so the movement of the fluid is theoretically endless.

Do not use pumps whose casings are in close contact with the casing walls. The smallest gap size is 0.4 cm.

Rod pumps are well understood by everyone who has ever seen installations pumping “black gold” on TV. Water is raised upward, of course, not by such mechanized devices, but by simple manual analogues. They allow you to work with layers located at a depth of over 7 m (which is inaccessible to piston devices). Accessibility limit is 30 m depth. Slider technology is not suitable for working with wells; it is applicable only in open reservoirs.

Deep pumps do not care from what standard depth to lift the liquid, be it 20 m or 50. But a pumping system with a single-phase motor not equipped with a capacitor must have a start-proof design. The ROM can either be included in the kit or purchased additionally by the consumer. But in both cases, it is connected independently. The advantage of a remote ROM is that replacing the capacitor does not require removing the pump itself from the well.

You need to select this unit based on the total electrical capacitance and the rated starting current of the thermal relay. It exceeds the rated motor current by about 20%. When choosing a ballast, it is not necessary to use models of the same brand as the pump itself, the main thing is that the capacity matches.

In order to get started with work as quickly as possible, without turning to specialists, and not to experience difficulties when pumping water, it is advisable to buy a system with wiring done in an industrial environment.

Device

Of great importance for a suspended pump in a well is the cable with which it is installed. An incorrectly selected mount can break at any time and you will need to buy a new one along with a replacement pump. It is almost impossible to extract the loss from a narrow, deep well, and this will not have the best effect on the quality of water. The main importance when choosing a cable is the mass that it is able to hold, along with the water covering the pump.

The load in some cases exceeds 80 kg, but there is no need to worry - Professional equipment can withstand several times more weight.

If you need to save money, it is recommended to choose cables based on synthetic materials. But even their low cost and immunity to corrosion do not make them an ideal solution. After all, synthetic fiber gradually stretches, and therefore the load will act more and more on the pipes. You can increase the consumer characteristics of any cable by folding it in half or in four layers. Steel retaining elements even in very clean water will last about a year; zinc coating increases this period, but only slightly.

A more advanced option is a polymer tube around steel. Polyvinyl chloride is used for its manufacture. If you install the device according to all the rules, the service life will be quite long. But the PVC at the point of attachment to the pump inevitably frays over time and there comes a time when the cable rusts and breaks. An alternative is to use stainless steel cables. There is only one problem: the high price of such a design, approaching the prices of budget category pumps.

Some people use small-link iron chains or climbing ropes to secure pumping equipment. It is better not to conduct such experiments, because no one will give a firm guarantee of their success. Whatever the design, you must not apply even the smallest load to the network cable; this is extremely dangerous. In many cases, it is better to use an external device rather than a plug-in motor. But this imposes certain restrictions on the hoses used.

In any case, you should not buy a hose that is only suitable for one watering. It will help only in the warm season of the year, providing:

• washing a car (motorcycle, bicycle, paths and sidewalks);
• actually watering;
• filling containers;
• water supply for a country house.

The rigidity of the hoses that take water from the well is very important. It can be achieved by thickening the walls, introducing reinforcing parts, and creating a corrugated structure. The most advanced option is considered to be hoses that are reinforced with steel spirals. They will withstand significant pressure as much as possible for a long time. For hoses that will be used year-round, frost resistance is of particular importance.

Flattening and deterioration of characteristics under the influence of negative temperatures are strictly unacceptable. When it is known for sure that water will be collected for drinking, any rubber hoses become unacceptable. The liquid that passes through them not only acquires a bad smell, it gradually becomes unsafe for the health and even the life of consumers. Therefore, drinking water can only be pumped through silicone and polyvinyl chloride channels. Silicone is definitely suitable for food use, lasts a long time and does not give off a negative odor.

The objective disadvantage of this material is its unsatisfactory strength and the risk of destruction at the junctions with other sections of the highway and with equipment. PVC is better in this regard and is relatively inexpensive. Regardless of the material of the hose, it is recommended to buy it at a large department store, or even better, at a branded outlet. No one can guarantee the safety of water passing through a hose purchased at the market or in an underground passage. The same applies to fittings and fasteners.

Calculation

Determining the exact pump characteristics that must be ensured in any case is very important. The following are taken into account in the calculations:

• real parameters of water sources;
• distance between water intake and consumer(s);
• required volume of water intake.

Now there is no particular need to use sophisticated formulas or use the help of experts. Online calculators come to the rescue, in which you only need to specify a few basic variables for the calculation. But it would still be much more accurate to use both calculation methods at once in order to make the result as accurate as possible. Professional formulas are especially important when calculating the water supply needs of a large residential building with a subsidiary farm.

An error discovered at the height of the field season can have very serious consequences.

Manufacturers: review and reviews

Russian pumping units enjoy well-deserved authority and demand, and this is not only a matter of patriotic feelings. For example, products of the “Dzhileks” brand, now presented in the sector of well pumps with the “Vodomet” series. The 40/50 model allows immersion in water to a depth of up to 30 m, while in a minute the device will lift up to 40 liters of liquid.

Consumers invariably note that Gilex products better offers from any other Russian company. The device version 55/75, thanks to a special technological measure, can provide owners with about 3 cubic meters. m of water per hour, even from wells saturated with sand.

The undoubted advantage of any domestic products is that they are initially designed taking into account the climatic characteristics of the country. Products made in Germany invariably occupy significant positions in all major ratings.

Grundfos presents well pumps mainly as part of the “SQ” series. All of them are made using especially strong steel, treated in a special way to impart anti-corrosion properties. Engineers took care of protection against abrasive particles and other important points; The only problem for the consumer can be a solid price.

Unipump Eco products do a good job in wells that are heavily clogged with sand. A stainless steel housing that hides a single-phase motor is an excellent combination for solving most practical problems. The use of “floating” structural wheels can significantly reduce the risk of damage to working parts from suspended matter contained in the water. Disadvantages are the inability to pump liquids containing long fibers, as well as sensitivity to hard water. Consumers note that such pumps perform well in wells up to 15 m.

In search of guaranteed quality, you can purchase any Italian pump. Thus, Pedrollo products of the “6FK” series have a power from 4 to 30 kW, are equipped with a power cable up to 4 m long. The devices can be put into operation up to 20 times per hour, taking regular technological breaks. The electric motor will require a three-phase current supply of 400 V. The Speroni company is also one of the leaders in the Russian market.

The SCM 4/S-F borehole multistage pump is highly appreciated by consumers. It can be immersed up to 30 m in water containing up to 0.1 kg of sand particles per 1 cubic meter. m, and put it into operation 40 times in 60 minutes. Solid overload protection and a built-in capacitor are of great help when using the system. Graphite elements are used as the mechanical seal. All main parts are made of stainless steel, only the main working wheel is made of brass.

How to choose?

To correctly select a well pump, it is advisable to focus on the bottom mark and the dynamic water level. The first digit must be indicated by all construction organizations in technical passports for wells. The dynamic level is the distance from the ground level to the water surface during pump operation. When, ½ hour after starting the machine, there is still a lot of water left, this indicates both a good flow rate and a competent choice of equipment.

It is also worth paying attention to the static water level, that is, the distance between the top point of the well and the water; For maximum accuracy, the liquid is not pumped out for some time.

By subtracting the static level from the total depth, you can determine the height of the well's water column. The diameter of the pipe is measured in an elementary way, just like any other diameters. Submersible structures, for obvious reasons, have a limited diameter (18-20 cm). Larger systems simply cannot be lowered into casing pipes. The external casing of mass-produced pumps is made of aluminum-based alloys; only the most expensive versions are equipped with steel casings.

Vortex pumps are similar to centrifugal pumps, but they also have specific features. They are larger and can dispense more water upward than simpler devices. It is not possible to displace centrifugal devices due to objective weaknesses - complicated design and increased price. The screw circuit differs in the type of device for injecting liquid. Engineers choose a screw that is visually similar to an auger.

The vast majority of models on the market can pump 20-200 liters per minute from a well; At the same time, it is worth remembering that it is undesirable to take a device that works hard to cover basic needs.

There is no need to save for another reason: equipment produced by well-known manufacturers breaks down less often and works more stable. This means that, along with the costs of repairs and maintenance, buyers only benefit.

The pressure of the water column must guarantee the passage of liquid through each vertical and horizontal section of the pipeline. In this case, the minimum pressure at any point should be 2.5 atm. In places with a high level of criminal danger and in dacha cooperatives, it is advisable to install surface pumps, since their security in the booths will be higher.

Those wells that were obtained on their own or with the help of informal teams do not have accompanying documents indicating the characteristics. Moreover, after prolonged use of even official water sources, their properties can vary widely. All necessary parameters can be easily specified using the simplest available tools.

The static level is measured with a rope with a weight attached to it in the format of a cylinder or a cone without a bottom or simply a plastic tube.

Before starting the measurement, it is worth not raising water from the well for at least an hour. This is usually enough to raise the liquid to its maximum natural level.

Of course, this greatly depends on the degree of depletion of the aquifers. It is easy to recognize when a tethered weight touches the surface of the water by its characteristic sound. A point on the rope is immediately marked, and after lifting it is measured in any convenient way. Note: if the dynamic and static levels coincide or are very close, this indicates good condition wells. It is important to remember that the limit of underground water sources in different seasons of the year and depending on prevailing weather conditions can vary significantly.

An overly powerful pump only seems like a good purchase: yes, at first it will supply a lot of liquid to the top, but working without water in a dry well, it will very quickly fail. For 3-4 consumers (excluding watering gardens and technical consumption) 70 liters of water per day is enough. It is very important to think about how the pump will draw water upward.

A simple rubber hose is not very practical, because the vacuum of air in it leads to the collapse of the walls and stops pumping. The solution is to supplement the pump with plastic parts of suitable size.

You should not purchase surface pumps if the distance between the earth's surface and the water surface exceeds 8 m. Therefore, this technique is not suitable for filtration and artesian wells, unlike Abyssinian wells. With a lift height of 40 m, you will need to give preference to a higher-power installation. Considering the noise of any water-pumping unit and its sensitivity to various contaminants, it is advisable to buy or make an external box yourself. Important: when selecting pumps by depth, it is worth reserving a certain reserve.

Thus, a device declared by the manufacturer to lift liquid from 60 m will ideally work in a well 50 m deep. Continuous action at the limit of possible load leads to a reduction in working life and accelerated wear. A very important circumstance is the presence of protection against dry operation. It is impossible to foresee in advance all situations when it may arise; it will not be possible to constantly manually control the water level. By entrusting this work to automation, site owners will be reliably protected from various incidents.

Despite the widespread popularity of vibration pumps, qualified specialists never tire of warning about their adverse effects on wells. Even if such an impact is not detected at first, they say, destruction will still occur over time. In addition to choosing a pumping unit based on these parameters, you also need to consider:

• difficulty of repair;
• possibility of obtaining spare parts;
• duration of warranty;
• reviews for a specific model;
• well water quality;
• frequency and intensity of system use.

Connection diagram

Even the best and perfectly selected pump needs to be connected according to a special circuit. Only if this condition is met can a stable water flow of the required volume be guaranteed. Before installation, surface pumps are placed on a level surface and fixed to avoid the slightest displacement. They can be connected to the well using a pipe or a rigid hose with a diameter of 2.5-3.2 cm. One of the ends of the intake circuit must be immersed in water by at least 0.3 m.

Important: before lowering into the well, a check valve is attached to this end. The section draining from the pump must be inclined towards the water source. Sealing of connections is carried out using the same methods as in other plumbing systems. You can fill the pump with water (together with the line connected to it) through the filler plug or outlet hole.

There is absolutely no need to rush this work; you will have to ensure that all the air leaves the system.

Important: you should open the water tap and look at the pressure gauge readings. If the obtained figures differ from those contained in the documentation, the equipment requires additional adjustment. The minimum volume of the hydraulic accumulator should be 100 liters. Containers smaller than this size do not justify the space they occupy on the site. For the connection between the pump and the water storage tank, a so-called five-piece is used. As for automation, it should include at least a pressure gauge and a relay.

Next, connect the device to the pressure lines. The filler hole must be blocked, all parts of the equipment are tied together and distributed around the house or area. Be sure to check what the air pressure is in the storage tank; sometimes it needs to be pumped up additionally. That's it, now you can connect the pump to the mains. As soon as the pressure in the system, including the hydraulic accumulator, reaches the required value, the machine will stop.

It is possible to ensure the longest possible operation of the automation unit only by connecting it via a contactor. Cost reduction is achieved by connecting via a pressure switch. As soon as the pressure in the storage tank reaches the highest prescribed value, the pump is automatically disconnected from the supply line. Important: pressure thresholds must be measured inside the tank itself.

Installing a simplified protection relay instead of a full-fledged automatic device allows you to save money, but then you will have to restart the system every time it turns off.

How to install?

Installing the pump correctly is the best guarantee that it will not require repairs for a long time. It is unacceptable to place the device at the very bottom of the well or move it closer than 0.3 m to the lower edge of the pipe. This will end up filling the pump with sludge and it will burn out almost immediately. When assessing the maximum permitted depth of placement of the device, it is worth focusing on the length of the sump (a special filtered container that blocks dirt from being sucked inside). In this case, the thickness of the water-containing layer is also taken into account.

Determining the correct depth of immersion of the pump into a well, which exceeds significantly 15 m, is impossible using ordinary improvised means. But such deep mines are drilled only after geological exploration and calculation of the necessary indicators using special formulas. In relatively shallow mines, the ends of the cables are equipped with shock-absorbing springs, which should dampen the resulting vibrations.

Having connected this end to the pump, connect the pipes and check whether the socket for connecting to the electrical network is sealed. Equipment is lowered into the shaft using a manual or mechanical winch.

Having lowered the pump, secure the cable to the head and make the first test run. If a difference in power from the calculated one is detected (in both directions), it is recommended to check whether all connections are tight. Additionally, the pump itself is lifted to make sure that various contaminants have not appeared in it. Repeated descent and fastening are carried out according to the same algorithm.

The installation cable is selected individually for each model, taking into account the highest levels of permitted loads.

When working with your own hands or checking the actions of specialists, you must not forget about the tightness of the cable connection to the pump. Often a heat-shrink sleeve is used for this purpose, with the ends being cut and degreased. The cores need to be connected and pressed with clamps; small coupling parts are strung onto each individual core. When this is completed, the connection is covered with a casing and heated with a hairdryer or soldering iron. The hot sleeve shrinks and tightly covers the ends of the cable.

The advantage of this solution is the ability to immediately put the entire circuit into operation. The filler type of couplings is distinguished by the fact that tightness is ensured by the use of a polymer compound. Both solutions are identical in cost, but you need to wait at least 24 hours before turning on. Attention: the contact connectors are intended primarily for surface pumps. They are not reliable enough for deep-depth equipment.

Prevention of accelerated wear is usually carried out using a frequency inverter, which reduces the amplitude of supply voltage fluctuations. But it is important to note that such measures apply mainly to powerful equipment options. Adding a converter to a circuit with a 300-400 W pump will only lead to excessive heating of the motor. But filters that cut off ultra-high voltage levels turn out to be very useful in any case.

The converter, if installed, should be configured to a certain minimum frequency.

The inverter must be connected to a flow meter, which is also set to the minimum value. The reason is simple - it ensures stable and uniform operation of the pump. As a result, the motor does not operate in idle mode and its service life is extended. Sometimes control over current frequencies helps to eliminate the use of storage tanks. What is much more important, it prevents hydraulic shocks and unjustified jumps in the dynamic level of the well.

In some places, the power supply is unstable or completely absent. And even a generally normal electrical network sometimes, for a number of reasons, will not be able to supply pumping equipment with current. This problem can be eliminated by using a gasoline generator. For most models of such electricity sources, acceptable conditions of use will be:

• atmospheric humidity maximum 60%;
• heat environment no more than 30 degrees;
• location above sea level – up to 150 m.

When choosing the appropriate version of the pumping system, it must be taken into account that intensively working filters may slightly reduce the generated pressure. Professionals recommend paying special attention to joints that are exposed under water during normal operation. It is at these points that the most problems arise, even with minor manufacturing defects or violation of operating principles.

The bulk of pumps are now designed for four-inch casing pipes. Too frequent starts of household pumps are considered to be turning them on more than once within 120 seconds.

Sometimes pumps get stuck in wells, and a solution to this problem is usually impossible. As a result, both the device itself and the well are lost to the owner. It is much better to take care to exclude such a situation in principle. Electrical cables should be secured with bundles to pipes or hoses. Yes, it will take a few minutes to cut them off and reinstall them each time the pump is lowered, but this is economically justified.

It happens that you have to pull the pump by a pipe, hose or even cable. Then you need to carefully monitor that all three elements rise evenly and there are no weak spots anywhere.

It is unacceptable to snap the cable to cables and hoses. If you notice a dangerous weakening, you should not panic or speed up your work. It is better to push the pump a little deeper, holding on to the hose or pipe.

If it is impossible to move the pump down in this way, you can improvise (by tying a crowbar to a rope, etc.). But even if the “experiment” has a favorable outcome, no one can vouch for the safety of the case and the operability of the system.

If the silt, after a long period of inactivity of the well, has risen above the pump, all that remains is to try to pump the latter, but without too much enthusiasm.

When it is not possible to achieve the appearance of a gap between the housing and the well, then, alas, you will have to come to terms with the loss. The flow rate of the water source will sharply decrease even with complete success (if it can be called such), and the quality may drop.

You can prevent back siltation and the associated jamming of the pump if you do not lower it more than 10 m below the dynamic line and raise it to the surface at least once every 60 months. If such a situation does arise, you can try to pull the device by rocking it. It is advisable to make this attempt with the pump turned on. This will help lift particles of crushed silt to the top. When it fails pull out the device, you need to immediately contact professionals. For your information, even the latest equipment solves only about 70% of jam problems caused by “innovative approaches.”

Spliced ​​hoses and cables must not be used. Each such connection increases the risk of jamming. An additional prevention is a fairly wide gap between the unit and the walls. The cost of drilling a very wide well at once is completely justified compared to paying for technical assistance services or preparing a new channel. It is also worth investing in a head that will prevent the water source from clogging with various objects.

Preventative work and inspections on well pumps are recommended to be carried out in the spring and with the approach of cold weather. To reduce the likelihood of interruptions and the occurrence of extraneous noise, it is necessary to regularly change the lubricant. Experts advise during Maintenance assess the condition of hoses or pipes connected to pumps. It is not recommended to run the system more often than necessary; this will inevitably result in a quick breakdown.

Only minor damage can be repaired on your own, while any significant defects can only be repaired by professionals.

When removing the pump for service or repair, you must first disconnect it from power. It is better to pull out the device with assistants and without sudden movements. Install a working device in the reverse order. A test run is required, even if there is no practical need for it. Before the first maintenance, it is recommended to study the technical documentation again.

Drilling a well in itself does not mean a complete solution to the problem with the water supply at home. Even if you are very lucky and a good artesian well has a certain water pressure that lifts it to the surface, it will clearly not be enough for the functioning of an autonomous plumbing system. In addition to the fact that the pressure of the water column must ensure the passage of liquid through all vertical and horizontal communication sections, it is necessary to create a mandatory reserve of at least 2.5 atmospheres in order for all Appliances(water heaters, boilers, washing machines, dishwashers, etc.) worked correctly. Be that as it may, you can’t do without a pump.

Before choosing a pump for a well, you need to get a certain understanding of the variety of such equipment, its design and operational features, and the criteria for evaluating the models offered for sale. It would be a shame to purchase a pump that simply cannot cope with its responsibilities. Probably, the situation will be no less unpleasant when purchasing absolutely unnecessary a “sophisticated” model, the functionality of which remains simply unclaimed. In both cases, it is money wasted. In a word, you need to go to the store with a clear idea of ​​which pump will be optimal in a particular situation.

First, it’s worth understanding what types of well pumps are. First of all, they can be divided into two large groups - surface and submersible.

Surface pumps

The name itself speaks for itself - such a water pumping installation is installed outside the well, on the surface of the earth, and connected to the water horizon with pipes or flexible hoses.

It would seem that such a scheme has many more advantages - the mechanisms are always visible, easy to control and periodically maintain, there is no need to stretch long power cables to the water intake point, worrying about the quality of the wire insulation. The installations are under supervision or located in locked rooms, that is, the likelihood of their theft by intruders is significantly reduced.

However, the surface installation scheme is fraught with many disadvantages. First of all, these are much more modest indicators for the created water pressure - they are simply incomparable with similar parameters. In addition, the noise factor cannot be ruled out - installing pumping equipment in a house will most likely require a separate room.

What types of pumps can be classified as surface pumps:

Hand pumps

The mention of hand pumps and columns, familiar to everyone from childhood, will probably make many people smile, but meanwhile they are still actively used and, for sure, they still have a future. Not in all situations a constant flow of water is necessary - the possibility of a one-time supply is sufficient (for example, points of collective use - in populated areas, gardening societies, garages, etc.). It is for such cases that hand pumps are used, which are extremely simple and reliable.

Their working scheme is simple - a piston, a cylinder and two valves, air and water, operating in antiphase. Muscular force is transmitted through the lever to the suction mechanism, which allows you to draw the right amount of water.

No dependence on the energy source - often this is the only possible option for organizing irrigation in suburban areas. garden plots, where power supply has not yet been provided. It is only necessary to drill a not particularly deep and labor-intensive Abyssinian well. Install such a column - and the issue will be resolved. Often this is installed in a common system with an electric one, through a tee, with the ability to switch as needed - there will always be a backup source of water in case of problems with the power supply.

A manual column can be mounted directly on the well (in the case of an Abyssinian well), or have a pipe descending into the water horizon.

Self-priming surface pumps

All other pumps discussed in this publication will be electrically driven. To be fair, it can be noted that pumping units with power plant based on internal combustion engines, the so-called motor pumps, but they most often do not have a pronounced domestic application.

So, family considerationsuperficialelectric pumps, which are designed for drawing water from a well, it’s worth starting from the simplest self-priming systems.

The housing of such pumps never comes into external contact with water and does not require special protection, which greatly simplifies their design. They are connected to the water source by hoses or permanently laid pipes, and the presence of a check valve is a prerequisite - if they are “aired,” they simply will not cope with the task.

They are not equipped with a drive cooling system, and this is their weak point - if neglected, there is a high probability of overheating. The design does not have any special difficulties, control mechanisms and control – only switching on and engine shutdown. Thus, to organize an automatic control system for the operation of the water supply system, additional equipment will inevitably be required.

Such pumps are not very high operational indicators. The average level of water pressure they create usually does not exceed 8 ÷ 10 meters, which will clearly not be enough to organize a home water supply network. At best, they can be applied to the simplest home water supply system - with filling a storage tank installed in the upper part of the building, from which water flows to the distribution points without pressure, by gravity.

In a word, although this is inexpensive, it is far from the most the best option to provide water to a residential building. The scope of application of such pumps in private households is rather the organization of a temporary irrigation system for an area from a well or natural reservoir.

Home pumping stations

This technique is much more serious, since it is adapted specifically for the tasks of organizing autonomous water supply in a residential building. Besides self-primingpump, the station must be equipped hydraulic accumulator– a membrane tank of a certain capacity, which will constantly maintain the required pressure in the home water supply network.

Based on this, in general design Such stations include monitoring devices and control mechanisms that turn on the drive when the pressure in the system drops to replenish the water supply, and turn off the power when the required pressure level is reached.

The main problems still remain unresolved - high noise and insufficient performance of the pumping part of the station, which does not allow lifting water from significant depths - use is limited to intake from Abyssinian or sandy wells up to 10 meters deep.

More modern models are also produced, with fully electronic control and the ability to program some operating parameters. Such pumping stations can be enclosed in a polymer housing, which partly solves the problems of increased noise and vibration.

Pumping stations with ejector (injector)

But what if you still need to install a surface pump, but the water intake depth is from 10 to 25 meters? There is a way out - in this case, self-priming pumping stations equipped with an ejector (external) or injection (built-in) mechanism will help.

In this case, an additional water circuit is formed in the water intake system with a pipe of a smaller cross-section through which liquid is pumped at high speed. The vacuum it creates in the ejector creates additional pressure in the main intake pipe.

This leads to an increase in pressure - such installations can already operate at significant depths. True, this leads to a general decrease in the performance of the pump itself, since part of the water is sent back for circulation through the ejector circuit. But the “golden mean”, which suits both the created water column and the performance, can often be found.

Another big disadvantage is that these are even noisier than conventional self-priming ones, that is, they will definitely require soundproof premises.

If this option is unacceptable, there is nothing else left to do but choose a pump for a submersible well.

Video: design and operation of a pumping station

Prices for popular models of surface pumps

Surface pumps

Submersible pumps

The main feature of such pumps is already stated in their name - they are always located in the water column (in a well or in a borehole) and are connected to the water supply by a system of pipes and hoses. Power is supplied to them via a long, well-insulated cable.

The layout of their installation also determines their characteristic design features. They always have a reliable waterproof metal case, made of corrosion-resistant alloys, with effective waterproofing of detachable parts and assemblies. There must be a hooking device for attaching a safety rope, on which the pump is lowered to the water intake.

The vast majority of pumps are equipped with built-in filters (grids) that prevent solid suspensions of an unacceptable size for a given model from entering the mechanism and pipes. Many pumps, in addition, have a built-in check valve, which greatly simplifies its installation in the home water supply system. If it is not there, then a special threaded connection is usually provided for installing the valve device

Submersible pumps have many advantages. These include:

• Quiet operation - sound vibrations are damped by a layer of water.
• Such mechanisms are not afraid of thermal changes or freezing - the same temperature is almost always maintained in the aquifer of the well.
• At the same time, they are not afraid of overheating - the water pumped through them effectively cools the operating components.
• Such pumps have much higher performance and generated pressure. Some models of submersible pumps (deep) are capable of lifting water to a height of 100 meters or more.

The disadvantages are the following:

• There are certain difficulties with the installation of such equipment, which often requires the involvement of specialists.
• The need to lay a high-quality safe power supply line, sometimes over quite significant distances.
• Difficulties in monitoring the operation of equipment, carrying out preventive or repair work, requiring each time to remove the pump from the well.

The vast majority have a characteristic cylindrical shape, representing a metal column with a height of half a meter to 2, 5 m.

but according to the principle of action they can differ significantly.

Vibrating Submersible Pumps

Simple in design, reliable, inexpensive, these pumps have gained very wide popularity among owners of country houses. They cannot boast of great productivity, but for household and garden needs it is often quite sufficient.

The principle of operation is as follows. An electric current passing through the windings of the coil causes a periodic, with a certain frequency, attraction of the armature, to which a membrane (diaphragm) and a piston are connected through a rod. The rapid reciprocating movements of this mechanism create a vacuum in the working cylinder, and water through a system of valves is sucked from the well into the pump itself and transmitted through the outlet pipe to the points of consumption. The absence of rotating components predetermines the high mechanical reliability of the pump, and the simplicity of the electrical circuit, completely filled with a waterproof compound, guarantees its long-term trouble-free and safe operation. — Some models of vibration pumps are capable of creating a water column of 20 meters or even more. The pump is light, it can be lowered into the well even on a nylon cord. Their energy consumption is minimal. All this pronounced benefits

such devices

Such mechanisms have disadvantages, and very significant ones. Such pumps are quite noisy, but the main thing is that the vibration waves they create can, over time, lead to the destruction of the wellbore or erosion of the clay bottom and walls, and fairly rapid siltation of the aquifer. It is recommended to use such pumps exclusively in sand wells, with certain precautions to prevent excessive turbidity of the water and sand from getting into the water intake holes. Ideally, they are more suitable for wells encased in concrete rings, and for a well it would be wiser to choose a pump of a different operating principle.

Video: vibration pump characteristics

The most common well pumps are centrifugal. They are a cylinder with an electric drive located inside. A winged turbine is installed on the axis of the engine rotor, which rotates in a working chamber that has a peculiar “snail” shape, with a supply pipe in the center and an outlet pipe at the periphery.

The rapid rotation of the turbine causes centrifugal forces, which reject the flow of incoming water (shown in the diagram by green arrows) from the center to the walls of the working chamber.

As a result, a significant pressure difference is created - from a vacuum in the area of ​​the rotation axis (blue area) to an increased one - towards the edges of the blades (in the figure - a gradual transition to red). This ensures both a constant flow of water from the supply pipe and the required pressure at the outlet.

A similar operating scheme is used in most surface pumps, but there the required output pressure parameters can be achieved by increasing the diameter of the working chamber. In borehole pumps, where dimensions are strictly limited, this issue is resolved differently. Achieving high water column values ​​occurs by sequentially installing several chambers on one drive axis.

The water pressure created by one chamber is a kind of “support” for the next one - and so on. As a result, the output pressure is the sum of the total force of all impellers.

The number of chambers can be different - from two or three and even up to several dozen - this determines the height of the “column” of a submersible well pump and its operational characteristics.

This scheme is completely justified - such pumps are capable of lifting water from very great depths.

Their advantages also include quiet operation, absence of significant vibrations, and a wide choice in a wide range of created water column and productivity.

The main disadvantages are the complexity of installation, especially in deep wells, the need for fairly frequent maintenance, and considerable cost.

Video: modern borehole centrifugal pumps

Screw pumps

Screw-type borehole pumps are not widely used, but are nevertheless available for sale.

A complex spiral-shaped rotor is eccentrically mounted on the electric drive shaft. It rotates in the stator cavity, which also has a complex geometry with one or two spiral starts. The stator housing is usually made of elastomer - rubber, which ensures a tight fit of the rotor loops. Thus, in the working cylinder of the pump there is always a certain number of cavities filled with water. When rotating, the screw pushes these volumes from the inlet to the outlet. The total volume of liquid in the cylinder never changes, which allows you to maintain an even, stable pressure in the water column.

Such pumps can easily handle even high-viscosity liquids, which makes them prevalence in production conditions. However, there are also models for lifting water from wells.

The design of such pumps is effective - they are capable of lifting water from significant depths, about 40 — 50 meters. However, the presence of units with increased friction quickly leads to their wear, which requires regular maintenance with the replacement of parts. What is quite acceptable and justified in a production environment will bring a lot of trouble when using such equipment privately.

Vortex pumps

Another scheme that is used in both surface and submersible pumps. The special shape of the wheel creates not only centrifugal acceleration of the pumped ox, but also a powerful turbulent flow, significantly increasing the outlet pressure.

The advantages of such a scheme are high performance, low noise, and relative simplicity of the device, which also predetermines a lower price compared to centrifugal ones of the same power.

The pumps are not afraid of “airing” - in principle, they can even be used for pumping gas-liquid dispersions.

However, significant disadvantages - low durability and special requirements for the purity of pumped water, seriously limit the widespread use of vortex pumps - they are clearly inferior to centrifugal ones.

Prices for the range of submersible pumps

Submersible pumps

What criteria should you follow when choosing a pump?

So, what parameters, in addition to the basic operating diagram of the pump, should be assessed when choosing it:

• Supply voltage and power consumption. If everything is clear with the first value - as a rule, all domestic well pumps are powered from 220 V, then with power there is a special question, since it corresponds to the existing capabilities of the electrical network, installed fittings (automatic, RCD) and cable part. Important addition - some pumps (in particular, centrifugal) They do not like voltage drops, so additional installation of a stabilizer may be required.
• Maximum pressure (water column height) - this parameter will be indicated in the technical documentation products.. This value speaks not only about the possibility of lifting water from a certain depth - water must be pumped through the home water supply pipe system, pumped into a hydraulic accumulator, or create the necessary excess pressure and have at least another 10% reserve. This issue should be considered in more detail.

There are special

Water supply for a private home can be arranged different ways. If you have access to a central supply line, it is enough to connect your own pipeline to it and, if necessary, supplement the circuit with a circulation pump for stable delivery of water at the required pressure. But if this is not possible due to the remoteness of the main network, then the only way to fully supply water will be to install a well. The main functional component of this infrastructure will be a submersible pumping unit. How to choose a pump for a well? There are many parameters to consider, from performance to manufacturer. The best option is a pump that meets local operating conditions and meets water supply requirements.

Why submersible pumps?

The target segment of equipment designed for servicing wells and wells is represented by submersible models. This is a wide group of pumps, which is also segmented into individual types. But initially you should make sure that abandoning superficial models will actually be justified in a particular case. Therefore, the first question in choosing can be posed as follows: how to choose a pump for a well, based on its location? Surface models may well be used to pump water from a well by suction. Some models are installed near the water intake source, while others are installed on a float. Such a unit will justify itself in the case of a small well depth - about 8-10 m. This is the level of Abyssinian wells. Choosing a surface pump is advisable for two reasons. Firstly, such equipment will be located within direct accessibility for maintenance. And secondly, in this case there is completely no need to calculate the design for specific well parameters. The pumping station can be located next to a narrow water intake hole without sinking to the bottom.

In most cases, borehole water supply is based on submersible pumps, which, depending on the type, can operate at depths of up to 100 m, if we're talking about about the everyday class. For artesian or filtration channels, only such pumps for water wells are used. How to choose the optimal model from this group? In this case, the emphasis is on the volume of water supply, the size of the well itself, and the installation depth.

Immersion depth as a basis for selection

Water supply to country houses is usually provided by equipment located at a depth of at least 20 m. Unlike surface models, which draw water at a shallow depth of up to 10 m, in this case the resource rises to the surface and is further distributed to points of consumption. The average working depth for submersible units can be called 30 m. Therefore, most often the question is how to choose a pump for a 30-meter well. In the documentation for the equipment, the lifting height must be appropriate - this is the point at which the pump will be located. However, it is important to consider that the lift will only be to the surface. That is, for further water supply, for example, to the second floor, an additional circulation unit or a station with a hydraulic accumulator will be required.

A level of 40 m is considered borderline. Models that lift water from deeper locations have increased power and are called deep. The maximum depth values ​​for domestic use are at the level of 60-70 m. Up to 100 m, special units are used. In order not to be mistaken in compliance with the nominal lifting heights, it is worth taking into account the pressure that the deep-well pump has for the well. How to choose a model based on this parameter? To do this, the height of the so-called water column is calculated: the depth of the water is added to 30, and another 10% is added to the resulting figure. This formula is based on the fact that a rise of 1 m is provided by a pressure of 3 bar. For example, if the height is 30 m, then the pressure of the water column will have to reach at least 66 m.

How to choose a deep-well pump for a well?

By deep pumps, as already noted, we mean a group of units capable of operating at high altitudes from 40 m. Of course, such equipment can be used at levels of 15-20 m, but in this case there will be unnecessary energy consumption. A typical deep-well pump has compact dimensions and high power, but the selection of such a model based on its performance characteristics should be approached responsibly. The immersion height must be calculated with an accuracy of 1 m. It is at this distance that the unit is placed relative to the bottom of the well. For installation, it would be useful to provide a special circle with a diameter of 10-15 cm on which the equipment can be installed. By the way, the diameter of the structure should be calculated with an accuracy of 1 cm. How to choose a deep-well pump for a well based on the thickness of the casing? The average diameter of a well hole in private households is 20-40 cm. The pump should not be selected close to a specific value. It should leave 2-3 cm for free immersion. The optimal calculation can be made for the hole in which the pipe is provided. In essence, this is a vertical pipeline channel into the cavity of which a cylindrical pump can be easily lowered.

How to choose a well pump based on the well's passport?

After completion of the well drilling and technical arrangement, the user is issued a special passport. It specifies the parameters according to which pumping equipment should be selected. One of the primary characteristics of a well is the depth of the hole and the aquifer. This indicator has already been mentioned above - it provides the basis for choosing a unit based on the height of water rise. This also applies to the diameter of the well, according to which the thickness of the cylindrical pump structure is selected.

The passport also indicates the values ​​of the water level and flow rate. The choice of level is determined by the distance from the surface to the immediate occurrence of the water surface when the pump is turned on. This is a statistical indicator, but the dynamic level should also be taken into account. How to choose a pump for a well based on the dynamic water level? To begin with, it is important to understand that this indicator determines the same distance from the surface of the well to the water surface, but only at the moment of pumping it out. It is this value that should be taken into account when choosing equipment by depth. Unlike the statistical level of water occurrence, the dynamic level gives an idea of ​​the actual height of the rise during the process of pumping water. The difference between these levels can be several meters.

Selection of equipment by flow rate

The flow rate expresses the volume of water that is, in principle, available for pumping, taking into account the intensity of filling the well with water. How can this indicator be useful in the selection process? This necessitates the need for a “dry running” function in the pump. That is, the key performance indicator in this context will be productivity. How to choose a pump for a well based on performance and flow rates? The daily water consumption is taken into account, the indicator of which must correspond to the nominal value of the pump performance. But at the same time, it is important to add 15-20% to the volume pumped in 1 hour to eliminate the risk of overloading the equipment. Another nuance is also taken into account. If, at high power at a dynamic level, the unit empties the well faster than it fills, then the risk of breakdown will increase. Pumps operating without water often fail, but some models also provide automatic shutdown in this case.

Selecting a centrifugal pump

The basis of the centrifugal pump mechanism is formed by the combination of a central shaft and a group of blades connected to it. One or more pump wheels can be attached to this structure, providing operating torque. By creating centrifugal force with pressure differences, the equipment mechanism ensures pumping of water. The design is quite simple, but effective and beneficial when used in private areas with shallow wells of 20-30 m. How to choose a pump for a well of this type? First of all, the well passport is also studied, the data of which is compared with the characteristics of a specific model. In particular, you should start from the design of the unit, its ability to lift water in height, requirements for environmental conditions, etc.

What to consider when choosing a vibration unit?

These are relatively cheap models that have low maintenance requirements and at the same time provide high performance. That is, initially you should select a unit taking into account the high flow rate, otherwise the potential of the equipment will not be realized, but there will be a need to regularly turn off the pump. Engineers' warnings against using such equipment in well openings should also be taken into account.

The fact is that vibration models work by transmitting vibrations to adjacent structures. The structure closest to the pump will be the casing pipe into which it is immersed. Accordingly, vibrations during long-term operation can deform or destroy the pipe. In addition, vibration provokes the processes of sanding and silting, and this harms not only the pumping equipment, but also the well hole. How to choose the right pump for a vibration-type well in order to eliminate negative operating factors? From the point of view of operating parameters, the choice is made according to the same principles - taking into account productivity, lifting height, flow rate and other indicators. But it will still not be possible to completely eliminate the vibration effect. As practice shows, even providing casing pipes with damping materials is not capable of radically minimizing destructive processes. Therefore, give preference this species pumps should only be used for temporary use.

What else to consider when choosing?

Even if the choice of pump is carefully selected in accordance with the requirements of the technical data sheet of the well, there is no guarantee that it will properly perform its functions without the correct approach to the selection of accompanying equipment. This mainly concerns the pipes and cable holding the pump. As for pipes, today the optimal solution is plastic - in particular, polypropylene. This material is especially recommended in clay soil conditions, since the metal deforms and corrodes more quickly. It is advisable to choose a cable from thin stainless steel. But here another question arises - how to choose the right deep-well pump for a well that is prone to casing collapses? Accidents at private wells, unfortunately, are not uncommon. And in addition to direct performance qualities, attention should be paid to the quality of the equipment housing. It must be made of high strength steel. Plastic in this case is undesirable, since it is inferior to metal alloys in terms of strength.

The best manufacturers

Experts recommend products from Rucheek, TAIFU and Vodoley. The Rucheek company's line includes many household models of well pumps designed to lift water to 30-40 m. These are inexpensive but reliable equipment that also demonstrates high performance. TAIFU and in particular modifications STM12 and 4STM2 will be the optimal solution specifically for unfavorable operating conditions. They have average performance indicators, but for home use this equipment will justify itself both in use for irrigation and for domestic water supply. If the question is how to choose a submersible pump for a well, taking into account large quantity consumers, then preference should be given to the Aquarius brand. Standard models from this manufacturer are capable of serving about 5-6 points with a productivity of 1.8 m 3 /h.

Conclusion

Providing a home with an autonomous water supply system is a responsible task that should be solved taking into account many factors. The main direction in the choice should be the well parameters itself. Technical indicators, coupled with requirements for water delivery volumes, will determine the basic set of characteristics of the target model of a submersible pump for a well. Which unit to choose from the point of view of functionality and the presence of protective functions is also an important question. To begin with, you should provide a full set of electrical protective devices that may be included with the equipment. This applies to grounding and automatic shutdown means. Next, you can move on to issues of ergonomics and pump control. The optimal solution may be to interface with a relay, which will also allow you to program the operation of the equipment depending on the filling level of the well and current water consumption requirements. Having this ability to control the unit minimizes energy costs and increases the service life of the equipment.

Choosing a pump if you do not have special knowledge is not an easy task. In this review we will try to help you decide what type of pump you need.

Pumps are conventionally divided into several groups.

These are submersible, i.e. directly immersed in water (for wells and wells, drainage, and removal of feces) and surface ones, working above the surface of the water (various garden and country pumps, pressure, circulation, and pumping stations).

SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS
They operate when the pump body is partially or completely immersed in water, which requires reliable insulation from contact of exposed wiring and control electronics with water. The designs use materials such as stainless steel and various “waterproof” and durable polymers.

Well (or deep) pumps are used to lift water from artesian wells and are characterized by high pressure. The nature of the use of the devices imposes significant restrictions, primarily on the diameter of the body and the material from which they are made. Typically these are stainless steel cylinders less than 100 mm in diameter and ranging in length from 500 to 2500 mm.
Since a conventional household pump installed on the surface is not able to supply water from great depths (its maximum suction height, as a rule, does not exceed 10 meters), in such cases it is necessary to use borehole pumps. The operation of deep-well pumps is based on the fact that it is easier to create water pressure sufficient for lifting from below than to try to lift it from above by pumping out air.
Well pumps are similar to borehole pumps and can work not only in wells, but also in special tanks or natural reservoirs. They also have the shape of a cylinder, but with a larger diameter, which allows them to more efficiently use the engine's capabilities. Compared to borehole pumps, such pumps have higher productivity and lower cost for the same power consumption and pressure.
Due to the strong draft that forms the so-called “suction cone”, they cannot be brought closer than a meter to the bottom of the well (the pump itself may not deteriorate, but the quality of the water will deteriorate noticeably).
Well pumps are equipped with an adjustable float switch that ensures autonomous operation.
Drainage pumps are designed for pumping water out of flooded basements, swimming pools and other places that need quick drainage. Sometimes they are used for pumping purposes drinking water, however, this is not their job.
Devices of this class are very productive, but have low pressure and, for the most part, are not able to function at depths greater than 7 meters. They are installed directly on the bottom of a container of water or on the floor of a flooded room.
The scope of fecal pumps is clear from the name. It is worth saying that the design provides for working with soft and viscous substances. Especially for such purposes, the inlet openings of the units are enlarged (compared to drainage pumps).

SURFACE PUMPS

It is worth clarifying that the term “surface” means “not submersible”.
Their suction height does not exceed 10 meters, so to lift water from great depths one has to resort to all sorts of tricks. One of them is to use an external ejector - a special device lowered into the water along with a suction hose. During operation of the pump, part of the raised liquid flows through an additional hose back into the ejector, thereby increasing the inlet pressure. In other words, the water is “pushed” from below.

As depth increases, system performance decreases, while power consumption and design complexity, on the contrary, increase. At depths of about 25 meters, the prices of surface and borehole pumps are equal.
Universal garden pumps are usually simple in design and therefore inexpensive.

They are used for pumping water both for drinking and for various household needs. To ensure uninterrupted water supply, they are additionally equipped with a hydraulic accumulator and control automation.
Pressure pumps are initially equipped with the necessary automation and are designed for uninterrupted water supply even without an additional hydraulic accumulator. This is important not only in the case of water supply, but also when irrigating the site. For example, if the hose becomes kinked and the water flow stops, the pump will turn off automatically, preventing the motor from overloading. The device will “wait” until the obstacle is eliminated and will continue to supply water. This fully applies to a simple tap when the pump is permanently connected to the water supply - as soon as it is opened, the unit will immediately begin to work.
Pumping stations are “full-fledged” uninterruptible water supply systems, consisting of a pump, pressure switch and accumulator. They are intended for stationary use only.
At low flow rates, due to the available water supply, the pump station motor does not turn on, due to which its resource is used up more slowly.

Based on their operating principle, pumps are divided into centrifugal and vibration pumps.

CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
During pump operation, the cavities between the blades ("inter-blade channels") are filled with the pumped medium. When such a wheel rotates, a centrifugal force acts on the liquid, creating an area of ​​low pressure in the center and high pressure at the periphery. Due to the pressure difference, water from outside ( Atmosphere pressure) enters the epicenter (rarefaction) of this peculiar hurricane and is thrown out through the outlet pipe to the outside.

VIBRATION PUMPS

The “working body” of such pumps is a flexible membrane. On one side of it there is a cavity filled with the pumped liquid, and on the other there is a vibrator, which periodically causes the membrane to deform. Depending on the direction of its bending, the working volume changes up or down, accompanied by a corresponding decrease or increase in pressure.
First, a vacuum is created, the inlet valve opens, and water is sucked in. Then the vibrator makes the working pressure excessive, as a result the liquid is pushed out through the outlet valve ("Rucheek" pump).

WHAT CAN CAUSE PUMP FAILURE

* “Dry running” (in other words, operation in the absence of water) leads to overheating of the engine, since the pumped medium, as a rule, also performs a cooling function. In addition, running “dry” is harmful to the seals, which are usually “lubricated” by the liquid during pumping.
* Water hammer occurs when a “dry” pump is turned on - the liquid pumped into it noticeably hits the impeller blades and can damage them. An air bubble entering the water intake hose during operation is also accompanied by water hammer.
Keep in mind: the working volume of most surface household pumps must be manually filled with water before starting work.
* Freezing of liquid in the housing is unacceptable, as this can seriously damage the device. If the pump is located in a place where the ambient temperature drops below 0 degrees Celsius (for example, you are left to spend the winter in an unheated room), all the water from it must be drained.
* Exceeding the maximum permissible temperature of the pumped medium does not have such a detrimental effect on the pump as “dry running”, but the “symptoms” are the same: when high temperature In water, heat transfer occurs more slowly and the engine overheats.

BASIC TERMS

Abrasive action of sand- abrasion of the surface (from the Latin “abrasio” - “scraping”).
Asynchronous electric motor- rotor speed depends on the load and does not coincide with the rotation frequency of the stator magnetic field. As a result, for example, a smooth motor start is ensured.
Shaft- a part that transmits torque and supports the rotation of other parts. In the case of a pump, this is a metal cylinder on which the impellers are mounted.
Suction lift- height difference between the pump installation location and the water intake point.
Hydraulic accumulator(in another way - membrane or storage tank) - a sealed container, partitioned inside with a special rubber or rubber membrane (from the Greek "hydor" - "water" and the Latin "accumulator" - "collector"). In one part of this device separated in this way there is air under a certain pressure. The other is filled with water during pump operation.
Impeller- a set of blades located around the circumference of the impeller and representing plates curved in the direction opposite to the water flow.
Multi-stage suction system- sequential use of several impellers.
Pressure- the height to which the pump is capable of delivering the pumped liquid.
Check valve- a valve that prevents the outflow of water from the suction line (hose, pipe, etc.).
Pipe branch- a short pipe on the pump body designed to introduce or discharge the pumped liquid.
Working wheel- consists of two discs spaced apart from each other, between which there is an impeller connecting them.
Rotor- a rotating part (from the Latin “roto” - “I rotate”), in this case an electric motor, located inside the stator.
bed- the main load-bearing part of the machine on which the working units are mounted.
Stator- part of the electric motor that performs the functions of a magnetic circuit and supporting structure.
Consists of a core with winding and a frame. Thermal relay

- a device for automatically controlling the electrical circuit of the pump. It consists of a relay element having two stable equilibrium positions and several electrical contacts. The latter close or open when the state of the relay element changes (respectively, “normal temperature” or “overheat”).

SELECTION OF CIRCULATION PUMP The circulation pump is the main element in heating systems With and forces the coolant to move inside the system, which is especially important for houses with more than one floor with an extensive pipe distribution system. The circulation pump helps the coolant overcome resistance in the pipe. The thicker the pipe, the lower the resistance and the lower the required pump power. Circulation pumps create a certain pressure drop at the installation site. The pressure difference serves to overcome the sum of all hydraulic losses due to friction in pipelines, that is, due to it, the liquid is maintained in constant motion. To determine the actual pressure, the pressure drop is added to the static pressure.

When choosing a circulation pump, you need to know: Operating conditions (temperature of the coolant, the substance used as the coolant or its percentage in the solution, pipeline diameters). Performance. When selecting a pump, it is necessary to take into account the hydraulic losses that occur in the pipelines at the obtained circulation rate.

Options circulation pump are selected in such a way that within an hour three times the full volume of the system coolant is driven through it. The performance of a particular pump model is determined by the pressure-flow characteristic of the second rotation speed of the pump, with a pressure equal to the hydraulic resistance of the system. As a rule, due to the low circulation rate of the coolant, the value of hydraulic resistance for a private house does not lead to losses of more than 1-2 meters (0.1 - 0.2 atm). Therefore, if the calculation of hydraulic resistance is problematic, then the performance of a particular pump model is recommended to be determined at the midpoint of its pressure characteristic.

SURFACE PUMP SELECTION

Surface pumps are installed outside the source and can usually lift water from a depth of up to 7-8 m. Surface pumps are in turn divided into self-priming, designed to draw water directly from the source, and so-called normal suction pumps, which are used to increase the pressure in an existing water supply Self-priming devices must be filled with water before starting; A special hole with a plug is provided for this purpose. When selecting a surface pump, it is necessary to take into account the following parameters: required productivity pressure loss depth of the water table The surface pump produces maximum productivity when water rises from a depth of up to 9 m (from a river, lake, shallow well). In order to somehow compensate for the loss of power when operating at great depths, manufacturers began to equip pumps with ejectors that support water circulation.

SELECTION OF SUBMERSIBLE PUMP

A submersible pump is very similar in appearance to a well pump, but is designed to lift water from a depth of no more than 10 m, and this already makes it similar to a surface pump.

Given the identical technical characteristics of the two types of pumps, the question immediately arises: which is better to buy - surface or submersible? The choice depends on the depth of the reservoir. To operate a submersible pump, you need a depth of at least a meter, otherwise it will begin to suck in silt and sand from the bottom, which will quickly damage it.

A surface pump can pump water from a depth of several centimeters. If you take water for drinking from a well, and for irrigation of your plot - from a river or lake, then the best option is a surface pump. You can move the pump itself, or rearrange the hose. You can't do that with a submersible pump. You need to disconnect the hose, pull the pump out of the well, then do everything in the reverse order. To extract water only from a well, a submersible pump is usually purchased. It hangs in the well, does not make noise, and is not visible. It is only important that the water level does not decrease, since running the pump dry will quickly lead to its failure.

The pump is selected based on two main parameters: performance (flow rate) - how many liters per minute or cubic meters of water per hour the pump can pump, and pressure - to what height in meters the pump can deliver this water. For a normal comfortable existence, 1000 liters of water per person per day is usually enough (even if you take a bath twice). Therefore, it is easy to obtain the required amount: multiply the number of people permanently residing in this house by 1000 liters (1 m3) per day.

For example, 3000 liters is enough for three people. An additional indicator is the maximum flow rate. It is determined by the possibility of simultaneous use of several points of water consumption. For example, if three people can simultaneously use: a shower (bathtub) - 8-10 liters per minute, a faucet in the kitchen - 6 liters per minute, a toilet - 6 liters per minute, then the maximum water flow will be 22 liters per minute.

For a family of 4-5 people, it is quite enough if the maximum flow rate is 30 liters per minute (1800 l = 1.8 m3 per hour), and the total daily consumption is 3000 l = 3 m3 of water per day. Separately, you need to consider the case of choosing a pump if you also use it to water the garden. Here everything is determined by the size of your farm and the weather. Usually 2000 liters per day is quite enough for this case.

To determine the minimum pressure characteristic of the pump required for you, take the height of your house in meters and add 6 meters. Then multiply this number by 1.15 (pipeline pressure loss factor).

For example, if this distance is 30 meters, then for the water supply system in question you need a pump with a pressure of 30 + 18.4 = 48.4 meters and a flow rate at this pressure of 1800 liters per hour. If the source of water supply is remote from the house, then it must be taken into account that over 10 meters of horizontal pipeline length, approximately 1 meter of pump pressure is lost. In fact, it is more important to correctly determine the pressure characteristic, and it is quite enough to take the flow rate based on a value of 800 - 1000 liters per hour, since the simultaneous use of all points of water consumption is very rare, and in this case the maximum flow rate can be ensured using a hydraulic accumulator.